Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Sub-Surficial Marine Sediments: New Insights from Bay I of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Southern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Acquisition
3.2. Data Processing
3.3. Pollution Analysis by Statistical Analysis, Indices, and Quality Standards
3.3.1. Statistical Analysis
3.3.2. Geoaccumulation Index, Enrichment Factor, Contamination Factor, Pollution Index, and Ecological Risk
3.3.3. Quality Standards
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Limit Values | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Sn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Taranto site-specific action levels | 20 | 1 | 70 a/160 b | 45 | 0.8 | 40 a/100 b | 50 | 0.07 | 110 |
National limits (CSC *) | 20 | 2 | 150 | 120 | 1 | 120 | 100 | 1 | 150 |
National limits (CSC **) | 50 | 15 | 800 | 600 | 5 | 500 | 1000 | 350 | 1500 |
mCd Range | Environmental Status |
---|---|
mCd < 1.5 | Very low degree of contamination |
1.5 ≤ mCd < 2 | Low degree of contamination |
2 ≤ mCd < 4 | Moderate degree of contamination |
4 ≤ mCd < 8 | High degree of contamination |
8 ≤ mCd < 16 | Very high degree of contamination |
16 ≤ mCd < 32 | Extremely high degree of contamination |
mCd ≥ 32 | Ultra-high degree of contamination |
SQGs | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Sn | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ERL | 8.2 | 1.2 | 81 | 34 | 0.15 | 20.9 | 46.7 | - | 150 |
ERM | 70 | 9.6 | 370 | 270 | 0.71 | 51.6 | 218 | - | 410 |
TEL | 7.24 | 0.68 | 52.3 | 18.7 | 0.13 | 15.9 | 30.2 | - | 124 |
PEL | 41.6 | 4.21 | 160 | 108 | 0.7 | 42.8 | 112 | - | 271 |
Level | C01 | C02 | C03 | C04 | C05 | C06 | C07 | C08 | C09 | C10 | C11 | C12 | C13 | C14 | C15 | C16 | C17 | C18 | C19 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | 0–0.5 m | 0.46 | 4.70 | 8.33 | 4.10 | 3.94 | 15.36 | 0.31 | 0.35 | <LOQ | - | 0.95 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 2.77 | 3.42 | 2.35 | 2.54 | 1.07 |
0.5–1 m | 0.14 | 1.33 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.25 | <LOQ | 0.05 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.72 | 0.69 | |
1.5–3 m | 1.22 | 0.84 | 2.51 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.39 | <LOQ | 0.09 | <LOQ | 0.10 | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.17 | <LOQ | |
As | 0–0.5 m | 7.40 | 23.42 | 21.91 | 18.51 | 21.64 | 44.75 | 10.13 | 15.74 | 9.54 | - | 15.91 | 11.73 | 6.57 | 14.39 | 17.44 | 23.18 | 15.70 | 15.54 | 11.36 |
0.5–1 m | 6.19 | 10.49 | 8.55 | 7.26 | 10.01 | 6.34 | 5.25 | 8.05 | 5.35 | 5.54 | 6.29 | 7.48 | 12.51 | 6.81 | 6.53 | 9.96 | 7.38 | 7.72 | 12.87 | |
1.5–3 m | 10.10 | 8.00 | 11.31 | 10.77 | 6.63 | 11.31 | 10.53 | 8.92 | 11.38 | 11.55 | 12.53 | 11.70 | 11.81 | 14.25 | 10.18 | 14.60 | 12.25 | 13.00 | 5.56 | |
Sn | 0–0.5 m | 2.58 | 19.60 | 15.25 | 15.63 | 13.08 | 18.55 | 2.54 | 3.02 | 2.31 | - | 4.24 | 2.82 | 2.66 | 3.23 | 6.05 | 88.05 | 6.38 | 9.67 | 4.57 |
0.5–1 m | 1.83 | 6.92 | 3.90 | 3.45 | 2.94 | 2.88 | 2.77 | 2.38 | 1.55 | 2.19 | 2.23 | 2.05 | 2.98 | 2.16 | 2.73 | 7.92 | 2.82 | 3.71 | 3.82 | |
1.5–3 m | 4.66 | 4.14 | 6.03 | 1.08 | 2.19 | 2.50 | 2.15 | 2.36 | 1.95 | 2.03 | 3.52 | 1.65 | 2.91 | 2.03 | 2.68 | 0.47 | 2.75 | 2.89 | 2.16 | |
Cd | 0–0.5 m | 0.21 | 0.57 | 1.16 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.13 | - | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.28 |
0.5–1 m | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.22 | |
1.5–3 m | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.19 | |
Pb | 0–0.5 m | 36.38 | 150.38 | 261.63 | 129.03 | 213.58 | 229.29 | 35.96 | 30.10 | 21.67 | 46.60 | 26.78 | 23.37 | 46.75 | 78.78 | 147.91 | 100.34 | 79.10 | 37.92 | |
0.5–1 m | 24.78 | 75.06 | 59.33 | 47.53 | 38.40 | 43.56 | 40.81 | 30.09 | 16.52 | 21.60 | 24.57 | 22.16 | 25.67 | 32.51 | 44.08 | 51.76 | 45.74 | 55.89 | 41.89 | |
1.5–3 m | 53.48 | 38.47 | 99.22 | 12.02 | 29.87 | 28.23 | 26.77 | 13.26 | 18.15 | 22.98 | 36.31 | 14.93 | 26.85 | 19.30 | 33.05 | 16.11 | 33.70 | 35.08 | 22.51 | |
Zn | 0–0.5 m | 49.89 | 293.45 | 311.43 | 276.63 | 218.14 | 402.90 | 79.68 | 102.08 | 58.53 | 121.82 | 72.77 | 71.92 | 90.92 | 125.10 | 337.85 | 133.27 | 67.08 | 107.70 | |
0.5–1 m | 46.27 | 72.78 | 65.63 | 69.90 | 83.29 | 64.27 | 62.52 | 86.48 | 42.20 | 52.58 | 57.42 | 50.76 | 67.41 | 57.29 | 67.13 | 157.55 | 105.74 | 34.89 | 91.14 | |
1.5–3 m | 77.22 | 64.40 | 142.00 | 42.18 | 60.71 | 63.10 | 65.86 | 71.18 | 53.50 | 55.45 | 75.17 | 47.15 | 74.71 | 54.95 | 66.10 | 69.41 | 71.50 | 61.24 | 55.61 | |
Ni | 0–0.5 m | 38.31 | 60.83 | 56.13 | 74.27 | 82.50 | 61.70 | 68.75 | 80.01 | 63.63 | - | 83.41 | 64.47 | 67.13 | 77.17 | 73.22 | 68.78 | 79.47 | 37.08 | 92.24 |
0.5–1 m | 51.78 | 58.66 | 55.90 | 62.00 | 81.21 | 57.25 | 61.03 | 75.16 | 57.95 | 50.56 | 69.32 | 50.14 | 59.20 | 55.28 | 60.71 | 72.69 | 67.96 | 29.49 | 79.83 | |
1.5–3 m | 42.12 | 56.88 | 56.04 | 46.17 | 62.70 | 54.50 | 57.66 | 61.49 | 59.03 | 51.20 | 76.33 | 42.85 | 67.61 | 52.75 | 61.03 | 62.22 | 66.70 | 17.33 | 65.20 | |
Cr | 0–0.5 m | 44.96 | 60.45 | 71.06 | 90.63 | 115.00 | 82.85 | 0.31 | 123.00 | 61.00 | - | 150.00 | 100.00 | 15.00 | 99.00 | 81.00 | 100.00 | 124.00 | 95.62 | 151.00 |
0.5–1 m | 65.54 | 83.28 | 60.86 | 80.81 | 119.00 | 78.63 | 72.27 | 123.00 | 80.00 | 74.00 | 103.89 | 78.00 | 104.00 | 82.00 | 103.00 | 114.00 | 95.00 | 101.01 | 141.00 | |
1.5–3 m | 51.94 | 69.80 | 74.73 | 54.93 | 89.00 | 74.59 | 82.16 | 97.00 | 57.00 | 84.00 | 135.74 | 75.00 | 112.00 | 88.00 | 104.00 | 108.00 | 117.00 | 97.77 | 104.00 | |
Cu | 0–0.5 m | 21.97 | 87.92 | 76.61 | 75.17 | 54.82 | 83.75 | 14.83 | 27.05 | 17.16 | - | 28.75 | 17.27 | 20.76 | 23.07 | 35.91 | 117.00 | 37.37 | 95.62 | 36.22 |
0.5–1 m | 18.71 | 38.44 | 29.19 | 34.10 | 23.83 | 24.48 | 14.99 | 22.34 | 12.40 | 16.82 | 18.44 | 13.57 | 12.71 | 17.06 | 22.35 | 34.17 | 25.14 | 101.01 | 28.59 | |
1.5–3 m | 30.01 | 35.60 | 40.36 | 10.54 | 17.73 | 16.47 | 6.95 | 19.80 | 12.28 | 11.12 | 16.60 | 8.85 | 16.23 | 10.70 | 14.00 | 21.73 | 16.00 | 97.77 | 17.51 |
Level | Cores | As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Sn | Zn | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | Igeo | EF | ||
0–0.5 m | C01 | −1.398 | 1.263 | −1.100 | 1.553 | −1.434 | 1.232 | −1.682 | 2.123 | 2.131 | 14.583 | −1.158 | 1.492 | −1.283 | 1.368 | −1.803 | 0.954 | −1.544 | 1.141 |
C02 | 0.264 | 1.669 | 0.341 | 1.760 | −1.007 | 0.691 | 0.319 | 1.192 | 5.484 | 62.204 | −0.491 | 0.989 | 0.765 | 2.361 | 1.123 | 3.026 | 1.012 | 2.803 | |
C03 | 0.168 | 1.842 | 1.366 | 4.225 | −0.774 | 0.959 | 0.120 | 1.652 | 6.310 | 130.040 | −0.607 | 1.076 | 1.564 | 4.846 | 0.761 | 2.777 | 1.098 | 3.509 | |
C04 | −0.075 | 1.071 | 0.485 | 1.580 | −0.423 | 0.842 | 0.092 | 1.451 | 5.287 | 44.073 | −0.203 | 0.980 | 0.544 | 1.646 | 0.796 | 1.960 | 0.927 | 2.146 | |
C05 | 0.150 | 0.896 | 0.617 | 1.238 | −0.079 | 0.764 | −0.363 | 1.317 | 5.230 | 30.307 | −0.052 | 0.779 | 1.271 | 1.949 | 0.539 | 1.174 | 0.584 | 1.211 | |
C06 | 1.198 | 3.564 | 1.000 | 3.106 | −0.552 | 1.059 | 0.249 | 1.825 | 7.193 | 227.188 | −0.471 | 1.121 | 1.373 | 4.024 | 1.043 | 3.201 | 1.469 | 4.300 | |
C07 | −0.945 | 0.633 | −0.684 | 0.758 | −8.614 | 0.003 | −2.249 | 0.005 | 1.562 | 3.597 | −0.315 | 0.980 | −1.299 | 0.495 | −1.825 | 0.344 | −0.869 | 0.667 | |
C08 | −0.309 | 0.825 | −0.791 | 0.590 | 0.018 | 1.034 | −1.382 | 1.782 | 1.737 | 3.405 | −0.096 | 0.956 | −1.556 | 0.347 | −1.575 | 0.343 | −0.511 | 0.717 | |
C09 | −1.031 | 0.608 | −1.791 | 0.359 | −0.994 | 0.624 | −2.038 | 1.075 | - | - | −0.426 | 0.924 | −2.030 | 0.304 | −1.962 | 0.319 | −1.314 | 0.500 | |
C10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
C11 | −0.294 | 0.732 | −0.907 | 0.478 | 0.304 | 1.107 | −1.294 | 1.908 | 3.178 | 8.113 | −0.036 | 0.875 | −0.925 | 0.472 | −1.086 | 0.422 | −0.256 | 0.751 | |
C12 | −0.733 | 0.828 | −1.404 | 0.520 | −0.281 | 1.134 | −2.030 | 1.954 | −0.222 | 1.180 | −0.407 | 1.038 | −1.725 | 0.417 | −1.674 | 0.432 | −1.000 | 0.689 | |
C13 | −1.570 | 0.574 | −1.170 | 0.757 | −3.018 | 0.210 | −1.763 | 0.362 | 0.067 | 1.784 | −0.349 | 1.337 | −1.921 | 0.450 | −1.758 | 0.503 | −1.017 | 0.842 | |
C14 | −0.438 | 1.327 | −1.170 | 0.799 | −0.295 | 1.465 | −1.612 | 2.525 | 1.131 | 3.938 | −0.148 | 1.623 | −0.921 | 0.950 | −1.478 | 0.645 | −0.678 | 1.123 | |
C15 | −0.161 | 1.913 | −3.170 | 0.238 | −0.585 | 1.426 | −0.973 | 2.457 | 4.721 | 56.416 | −0.224 | 1.831 | −0.168 | 1.904 | −0.573 | 1.438 | −0.218 | 1.839 | |
C16 | 0.249 | 1.381 | 0.462 | 1.601 | −0.281 | 0.956 | 0.731 | 1.648 | 5.026 | 37.840 | −0.314 | 0.935 | 0.741 | 1.942 | 3.290 | 11.366 | 1.215 | 2.698 | |
C17 | −0.313 | 1.012 | −0.848 | 0.698 | 0.029 | 1.282 | −0.916 | 2.210 | 4.484 | 28.121 | −0.105 | 1.168 | 0.181 | 1.425 | −0.496 | 0.891 | −0.127 | 1.151 | |
C18 | −0.327 | 0.905 | −0.968 | 0.581 | −0.346 | 0.894 | 0.440 | 1.541 | 4.596 | 27.480 | −1.205 | 0.493 | −0.162 | 1.015 | 0.104 | 1.221 | −1.117 | 0.524 | |
C19 | −0.780 | 0.577 | −0.684 | 0.616 | 0.314 | 1.231 | −0.961 | 2.122 | 3.349 | 10.095 | 0.109 | 1.069 | −1.223 | 0.424 | −0.978 | 0.503 | −0.434 | 0.733 | |
Mean | −0.352 | 1.201 | −0.579 | 1.192 | −1.001 | 0.940 | −0.851 | 1.619 | 3.604 | 40.610 | −0.361 | 1.092 | −0.376 | 1.463 | −0.420 | 1.751 | −0.154 | 1.519 | |
0.5–1 m | C01 | −1.66 | 0.688 | −1.79 | 0.626 | −0.89 | 1.169 | −1.91 | 0.575 | 0.42 | 2.891 | −0.72 | 1.313 | −1.84 | 0.607 | −2.30 | 0.441 | −1.65 | 0.689 |
C02 | −0.89 | 1.006 | −4.17 | 0.104 | −0.54 | 1.282 | −0.87 | 1.020 | 3.66 | 23.699 | −0.54 | 1.284 | −0.24 | 1.587 | −0.38 | 1.439 | −1.00 | 0.936 | |
C03 | −1.19 | 0.903 | −0.85 | 1.144 | −1.00 | 1.032 | −1.27 | 0.853 | 3.24 | 19.423 | −0.61 | 1.347 | −0.58 | 1.381 | −1.21 | 0.893 | −1.15 | 0.929 | |
C04 | −1.43 | 0.556 | −1.32 | 0.598 | −0.59 | 0.994 | −1.05 | 0.723 | 2.86 | 10.816 | −0.46 | 1.084 | −0.90 | 0.803 | −1.38 | 0.573 | −1.06 | 0.718 | |
C05 | −0.96 | 0.452 | −0.85 | 0.489 | −0.03 | 0.862 | −1.57 | 0.298 | 1.31 | 2.180 | −0.07 | 0.836 | −1.20 | 0.382 | −1.61 | 0.288 | −0.80 | 0.504 | |
C06 | −1.62 | 0.616 | −1.24 | 0.800 | −0.63 | 1.227 | −1.53 | 0.658 | 2.10 | 8.123 | −0.58 | 1.269 | −1.02 | 0.933 | −1.64 | 0.607 | −1.18 | 0.837 | |
C07 | −1.89 | 0.435 | −0.74 | 0.968 | −0.75 | 0.960 | −2.23 | 0.343 | 0.19 | 1.844 | −0.49 | 1.152 | −1.12 | 0.744 | −1.70 | 0.497 | −1.22 | 0.694 | |
C08 | −1.28 | 0.535 | −0.58 | 0.864 | 0.02 | 1.313 | −1.66 | 0.411 | 1.25 | 3.087 | −0.19 | 1.140 | −1.56 | 0.441 | −1.92 | 0.343 | −0.75 | 0.771 | |
C09 | −1.87 | 0.550 | −1.79 | 0.579 | −0.60 | 1.321 | −2.51 | 0.353 | - | - | −0.56 | 1.359 | −2.42 | 0.374 | −2.54 | 0.345 | −1.79 | 0.582 | |
C10 | 0.576 | −0.97 | 1.036 | −0.72 | 1.234 | −2.07 | 0.483 | −1.07 | 0.965 | −0.76 | 1.199 | −2.03 | 0.495 | −2.04 | 0.493 | −1.47 | 0.732 | ||
C11 | −1.63 | 0.479 | −1.10 | 0.693 | −0.23 | 1.270 | −1.93 | 0.388 | - | - | −0.30 | 1.204 | −1.85 | 0.412 | −2.01 | 0.368 | −1.34 | 0.586 | |
C12 | −1.38 | 0.782 | −1.68 | 0.634 | −0.64 | 1.308 | −2.38 | 0.392 | - | - | −0.77 | 1.195 | −2.00 | 0.510 | −2.13 | 0.464 | −1.52 | 0.711 | |
C13 | −0.64 | 1.011 | −1.91 | 0.420 | −0.22 | 1.349 | −2.47 | 0.284 | - | - | −0.53 | 1.091 | −1.79 | 0.457 | −1.59 | 0.522 | −1.11 | 0.730 | |
C14 | −1.52 | 0.722 | −1.58 | 0.689 | −0.57 | 1.394 | −2.05 | 0.500 | 0.19 | 2.361 | −0.63 | 1.336 | −1.44 | 0.759 | −2.06 | 0.496 | −1.34 | 0.814 | |
C15 | −1.58 | 0.566 | −3.49 | 0.150 | −0.24 | 1.433 | −1.66 | 0.536 | 1.13 | 3.702 | −0.49 | 1.200 | −1.01 | 0.842 | −1.72 | 0.513 | −1.12 | 0.780 | |
C16 | −0.97 | 0.686 | −0.13 | 1.224 | −0.09 | 1.261 | −1.04 | 0.651 | 2.61 | 8.191 | −0.23 | 1.143 | −0.77 | 0.786 | −0.18 | 1.183 | 0.11 | 1.455 | |
C17 | −1.40 | 0.650 | −1.17 | 0.763 | −0.35 | 1.343 | −1.49 | 0.612 | 1.19 | 3.926 | −0.33 | 1.365 | −0.95 | 0.888 | −1.67 | 0.538 | −0.46 | 1.248 | |
C18 | −1.34 | 0.725 | −0.91 | 0.977 | −0.27 | 1.523 | 0.52 | 2.624 | 2.78 | 12.559 | −1.54 | 0.632 | −0.66 | 1.157 | −1.28 | 0.755 | −2.06 | 0.439 | |
C19 | −0.60 | 0.622 | −1.03 | 0.461 | 0.21 | 1.094 | −1.30 | 0.382 | 2.72 | 6.195 | −0.10 | 0.880 | −1.08 | 0.446 | −1.24 | 0.400 | −0.67 | 0.591 | |
Mean | −1.32 | 0.661 | −1.44 | 0.696 | −0.43 | 1.230 | −1.60 | 0.636 | 1.64 | 7.331 | −0.52 | 1.159 | −1.29 | 0.737 | −1.61 | 0.587 | −1.14 | 0.776 | |
1.5–3 m | C01 | −0.95 | 1.18 | −0.97 | 1.16 | −1.23 | 0.97 | −1.23 | 0.97 | 26.43 | 2.891 | −1.02 | 1.12 | −0.73 | 1.37 | −0.95 | 1.18 | −0.91 | 1.21 |
C02 | −1.29 | 0.77 | −0.79 | 1.09 | −0.80 | 1.08 | −0.99 | 0.95 | 15.10 | 23.699 | −0.59 | 1.26 | −1.20 | 0.82 | −1.12 | 0.87 | −1.18 | 0.84 | |
C03 | −0.79 | 1.00 | −0.24 | 1.46 | −0.70 | 1.06 | −0.80 | 0.99 | 41.29 | 19.423 | −0.61 | 1.13 | 0.16 | 1.94 | −0.58 | 1.16 | −0.04 | 1.69 | |
C04 | −0.86 | 1.03 | −1.58 | 0.62 | −1.15 | 0.84 | −2.74 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 10.816 | −0.89 | 1.01 | −2.88 | 0.25 | −3.06 | 0.22 | −1.79 | 0.54 | |
C05 | −1.56 | 0.42 | −1.24 | 0.52 | −0.45 | 0.90 | −1.99 | 0.31 | 1.40 | 2.180 | −0.45 | 0.90 | −1.57 | 0.41 | −2.04 | 0.30 | −1.26 | 0.51 | |
C06 | −0.79 | 1.16 | −1.49 | 0.71 | −0.70 | 1.23 | −2.10 | 0.47 | 7.44 | 8.123 | −0.65 | 1.28 | −1.65 | 0.64 | −1.85 | 0.56 | −1.21 | 0.87 | |
C07 | −0.89 | 0.63 | −1.79 | 0.34 | −0.56 | 0.79 | −3.34 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 1.844 | −0.57 | 0.78 | −1.73 | 0.35 | −2.07 | 0.28 | −1.14 | 0.53 | |
C08 | −1.13 | 0.71 | −1.58 | 0.52 | −0.32 | 1.24 | −1.83 | 0.44 | 1.33 | 3.087 | −0.48 | 1.12 | −2.74 | 0.23 | −1.93 | 0.41 | −1.03 | 0.76 | |
C09 | −0.78 | 0.89 | −1.79 | 0.44 | −1.09 | 0.72 | −2.52 | 0.27 | - | - | −0.53 | 1.06 | −2.29 | 0.31 | −2.21 | 0.33 | −1.44 | 0.56 | |
C10 | - | 1.09 | −1.79 | 0.53 | −0.53 | 1.27 | −2.66 | 0.29 | 1.75 | 0.965 | −0.74 | 1.10 | −1.95 | 0.48 | −2.15 | 0.42 | −1.39 | 0.70 | |
C11 | −0.64 | 0.69 | −1.79 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 1.19 | −2.09 | 0.25 | - | - | −0.16 | 0.95 | −1.29 | 0.44 | −1.35 | 0.42 | −0.95 | 0.55 | |
C12 | −0.74 | 1.30 | −2.17 | 0.48 | −0.70 | 1.34 | −2.99 | 0.27 | - | - | −1.00 | 1.09 | −2.57 | 0.37 | −2.45 | 0.40 | −1.63 | 0.70 | |
C13 | −0.72 | 0.85 | −1.58 | 0.47 | −0.12 | 1.29 | −2.12 | 0.32 | - | - | −0.34 | 1.11 | −1.72 | 0.43 | −1.63 | 0.45 | −0.96 | 0.72 | |
C14 | −0.45 | 1.42 | −1.91 | 0.52 | −0.47 | 1.41 | −2.72 | 0.29 | - | 2.361 | −0.70 | 1.20 | −2.20 | 0.42 | −2.15 | 0.44 | −1.40 | 0.73 | |
C15 | −0.94 | 0.77 | −3.91 | 0.10 | −0.22 | 1.26 | −2.33 | 0.29 | - | 3.702 | −0.49 | 1.05 | −1.42 | 0.55 | −1.75 | 0.44 | −1.14 | 0.67 | |
C16 | −0.42 | 1.05 | −1.24 | 0.59 | −0.17 | 1.24 | −1.70 | 0.43 | 0.93 | 8.191 | −0.46 | 1.02 | −2.46 | 0.25 | −4.26 | 0.07 | −1.07 | 0.67 | |
C17 | −0.67 | 0.81 | −1.91 | 0.34 | −0.05 | 1.24 | −2.14 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 3.926 | −0.36 | 1.00 | −1.39 | 0.49 | −1.71 | 0.39 | −1.03 | 0.63 | |
C18 | −0.58 | 0.89 | −1.79 | 0.39 | −0.31 | 1.08 | 0.47 | 1.86 | 2.17 | 12.559 | −2.30 | 0.27 | −1.34 | 0.53 | −1.64 | 0.43 | −1.25 | 0.57 | |
C19 | −1.81 | 0.40 | −1.24 | 0.59 | −0.22 | 1.19 | −2.01 | 0.34 | - | 6.195 | −0.39 | 1.06 | −1.98 | 0.35 | −2.06 | 0.33 | −1.39 | 0.53 | |
Mean | −0.89 | 0.90 | −1.62 | 0.59 | −0.51 | 1.12 | −1.99 | 0.50 | 8.28 | 7.331 | −0.67 | 1.03 | −1.73 | 0.56 | −1.94 | 0.48 | −1.17 | 0.74 |
Level | Cores | Ecological Risk (Er) | Risk Index (RI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | Cd | Cr | Cu | Hg | Ni | Pb | Zn | |||
0–0.5 m | C01 | 6 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 263 | 3 | 3 | 0.5 | 300 |
C02 | 18 | 57 | 1 | 9 | 2686 | 5 | 13 | 3.0 | 2793 | |
C03 | 17 | 116 | 2 | 8 | 4760 | 5 | 22 | 3.2 | 4933 | |
C04 | 14 | 63 | 2 | 8 | 2343 | 7 | 11 | 2.9 | 2451 | |
C05 | 17 | 69 | 3 | 6 | 2251 | 7 | 18 | 2.2 | 2373 | |
C06 | 34 | 90 | 2 | 9 | 8777 | 5 | 19 | 4.2 | 8942 | |
C07 | 8 | 28 | 0 | 2 | 177 | 6 | 3 | 0.8 | 224 | |
C08 | 12 | 26 | 3 | 3 | 200 | 7 | 3 | 1.1 | 255 | |
C09 | 7 | 13 | 2 | 2 | - | 6 | 2 | 0.6 | 32 | |
C10 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
C11 | 12 | 24 | 4 | 3 | 543 | 7 | 4 | 1.3 | 598 | |
C12 | 9 | 17 | 2 | 2 | 51 | 6 | 2 | 0.8 | 90 | |
C13 | 5 | 20 | 0 | 2 | 63 | 6 | 2 | 0.7 | 99 | |
C14 | 11 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 131 | 7 | 4 | 0.9 | 179 | |
C15 | 13 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1583 | 6 | 7 | 1.3 | 1621 | |
C16 | 18 | 62 | 2 | 12 | 1954 | 6 | 13 | 3.5 | 2071 | |
C17 | 12 | 25 | 3 | 4 | 1343 | 7 | 9 | 1.4 | 1404 | |
C18 | 12 | 23 | 2 | 10 | 1451 | 3 | 7 | 0.7 | 1510 | |
C19 | 9 | 28 | 4 | 4 | 611 | 8 | 3 | 1.1 | 668 | |
0.5–1 m | C01 | 5 | 13 | 2 | 2 | 80 | 5 | 2 | 0.5 | 108 |
C02 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 760 | 5 | 6 | 0.8 | 789 | |
C03 | 7 | 25 | 2 | 3 | 566 | 5 | 5 | 0.7 | 613 | |
C04 | 6 | 18 | 2 | 4 | 434 | 5 | 4 | 0.7 | 474 | |
C05 | 8 | 25 | 3 | 3 | 149 | 7 | 3 | 0.9 | 198 | |
C06 | 5 | 19 | 2 | 3 | 257 | 5 | 4 | 0.7 | 295 | |
C07 | 4 | 27 | 2 | 2 | 69 | 5 | 3 | 0.6 | 112 | |
C08 | 6 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 143 | 7 | 3 | 0.9 | 194 | |
C09 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 1 | ND | 5 | 1 | 0.4 | 27 | |
C10 | 4 | 23 | 2 | 2 | 29 | 4 | 2 | 0.5 | 66 | |
C11 | 5 | 21 | 3 | 2 | ND | 6 | 2 | 0.6 | 39 | |
C12 | 6 | 14 | 2 | 1 | ND | 4 | 2 | 0.5 | 30 | |
C13 | 10 | 12 | 3 | 1 | ND | 5 | 2 | 0.7 | 34 | |
C14 | 5 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 69 | 5 | 3 | 0.6 | 101 | |
C15 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 131 | 5 | 4 | 0.7 | 155 | |
C16 | 8 | 41 | 3 | 4 | 366 | 6 | 4 | 1.6 | 433 | |
C17 | 6 | 20 | 2 | 3 | 137 | 6 | 4 | 1.1 | 179 | |
C18 | 6 | 24 | 2 | 11 | 411 | 3 | 5 | 0.4 | 462 | |
C19 | 10 | 22 | 3 | 3 | 394 | 7 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
1.5–3 m | C01 | 8 | 23 | 1 | 3 | 697 | 4 | 5 | 0.8 | 741 |
C02 | 6 | 26 | 2 | 4 | 480 | 5 | 3 | 0.7 | 527 | |
C03 | 9 | 38 | 2 | 4 | 1434 | 5 | 8 | 1.5 | 1502 | |
C04 | 8 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 29 | 4 | 1 | 0.4 | 60 | |
C05 | 5 | 19 | 2 | 2 | 69 | 5 | 3 | 0.6 | 105 | |
C06 | 9 | 16 | 2 | 2 | 223 | 5 | 2 | 0.7 | 259 | |
C07 | 8 | 13 | 2 | 1 | ND | 5 | 2 | 0.7 | 32 | |
C08 | 7 | 15 | 2 | 2 | 51 | 5 | 1 | 0.7 | 85 | |
C09 | 9 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0.6 | 32 | |
C10 | 9 | 13 | 2 | 1 | 57 | 4 | 2 | 0.6 | 89 | |
C11 | 10 | 13 | 3 | 2 | ND | 7 | 3 | 0.8 | 38 | |
C12 | 9 | 10 | 2 | 1 | ND | 4 | 1 | 0.5 | 27 | |
C13 | 9 | 15 | 3 | 2 | ND | 6 | 2 | 0.8 | 38 | |
C14 | 11 | 12 | 2 | 1 | ND | 5 | 2 | 0.6 | 33 | |
C15 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 1 | ND | 5 | 3 | 0.7 | 24 | |
C16 | 11 | 19 | 3 | 2 | 40 | 5 | 1 | 0.7 | 83 | |
C17 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 29 | 6 | 3 | 0.7 | 64 | |
C18 | 10 | 13 | 2 | 10 | 97 | 2 | 3 | 0.6 | 138 | |
C19 | 4 | 19 | 3 | 2 | ND | 6 | 2 | 0.6 | 36 |
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Marsico, A.; Rizzo, A.; Capolongo, D.; De Giosa, F.; Di Leo, A.; Lisco, S.; Mastronuzzi, G.; Moretti, M.; Scardino, G.; Scicchitano, G. Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Sub-Surficial Marine Sediments: New Insights from Bay I of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Southern Italy). Water 2023, 15, 3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203642
Marsico A, Rizzo A, Capolongo D, De Giosa F, Di Leo A, Lisco S, Mastronuzzi G, Moretti M, Scardino G, Scicchitano G. Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Sub-Surficial Marine Sediments: New Insights from Bay I of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Southern Italy). Water. 2023; 15(20):3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203642
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarsico, Antonella, Angela Rizzo, Domenico Capolongo, Francesco De Giosa, Antonella Di Leo, Stefania Lisco, Giuseppe Mastronuzzi, Massimo Moretti, Giovanni Scardino, and Giovanni Scicchitano. 2023. "Spatial Distribution of Trace Elements in Sub-Surficial Marine Sediments: New Insights from Bay I of the Mar Piccolo of Taranto (Southern Italy)" Water 15, no. 20: 3642. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15203642