Characteristics, Source and Risk Assessment of Soil Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around Oil Wells in the Yellow River Delta, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.3.1. Determination of PAHs
2.3.2. Quality Control
2.4. PAH Source Apportionment Method
2.4.1. Positive Definite Matrix Factorization Model (PMF)
2.4.2. Diagnostic Ratios
2.5. Ecological Risk Assessment Method of PAHs
2.5.1. Toxic Equivalent Factor Method (TEQ)
2.5.2. Effect Interval Low Median Method (ERL/ERM)
2.6. Health Risk Assessment Methods of PAHs
Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk Models (ILCRs)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PAH Concentration Characteristics
3.2. PAH Component Characteristics
3.3. PAH Source Apportionment
3.4. Ecological Risk Assessment of PAHs
3.4.1. Toxic Equivalent Factor Method (TEQ)
3.4.2. Effect Interval Low Median Method (ERL/ERM)
3.5. Health Risk Assessment of PAHs
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Monomer PAHs | Ring Number | Toxic Equivalent Factor | Monomer PAHs | Ring Number | Toxic Equivalent Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naphthalence (Nap) | 2 | 0.001 | Pyrene (Pyr) | 4 | 0.001 |
Anthracence (Ant) | 3 | 0.01 | Fluoranthene (Fla) | 4 | 0.001 |
Phenanthrene (Phe) | 3 | 0.001 | Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA) * | 5 | 1 |
Fluorene (Flu) | 3 | 0.001 | Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) * | 5 | 1 |
Acenapthene (Ace) | 3 | 0.001 | Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) * | 5 | 0.1 |
Acenaphthylene (Acpy) | 3 | 0.001 | Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) * | 5 | 0.1 |
Chrysene (Chr) * | 4 | 0.01 | Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) | 6 | 0.01 |
Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) * | 4 | 0.1 | Indenol [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) * | 6 | 0.1 |
Parameter | Unit | Adult | Child |
---|---|---|---|
BW | Kg | 61.5 | 15 |
IRsoil | mg·d−1 | 100 | 200 |
EF | d·a−1 | 350 | 350 |
ED | a | 24 | 6 |
AT | d | 25,550 | 25,550 |
IRair | m3·d−1 | 20 | 10 |
PEF | m3·kg−1 | 1.36 × 109 | 1.36 × 109 |
SA | cm2·d−1 | 5700 | 2800 |
AF | mg·cm−2 | 0.07 | 0.2 |
ABS | zero dimension | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Monomer PAH | Ring Number | Range | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Detection Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nap | 2 | ND~218.67 | 86.82 | 58.33 | 0.67 | 93 |
Ant | 3 | ND~188.81 | 25.22 | 46.65 | 1.85 | 73 |
Phe | 3 | ND~1002.96 | 117.00 | 243.43 | 2.08 | 93 |
Flu | 3 | 2.6~7651.99 | 1409.20 | 1794.76 | 1.27 | 100 |
Ace | 3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Acpy | 3 | ND~2.16 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 3.74 | 7 |
Chr | 4 | ND~230.93 | 29.71 | 58.16 | 1.96 | 67 |
BaA | 4 | ND~227.56 | 19.40 | 56.38 | 2.91 | 47 |
Pyr | 4 | ND~137.97 | 24.59 | 44.82 | 1.82 | 80 |
Fla | 4 | ND~52.52 | 16.20 | 14.82 | 0.91 | 80 |
DahA | 5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
BaP | 5 | ND~22.71 | 2.51 | 5.94 | 2.36 | 40 |
BkF | 5 | ND~14.78 | 2.03 | 4.80 | 2.36 | 20 |
BbF | 5 | ND~19.93 | 4.44 | 6.67 | 1.50 | 60 |
BghiP | 6 | ND~86.77 | 5.82 | 21.64 | 3.72 | 20 |
IcdP | 6 | ND~10.77 | 1.32 | 3.37 | 2.56 | 13 |
ΣPAH7 | ND~481.35 | 59.42 | 118.88 | 2.00 | 73 | |
ΣPAH16 | 2.6~8275.46 | 1744.41 | 1941.10 | 1.11 | 100 |
Monomer PAH | Ring Number | Range | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Detection Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nap | 2 | 45~291.28 | 112.79 | 59.64 | 0.53 | 100 |
Ant | 3 | ND~10.2 | 1.30 | 3.32 | 2.55 | 13 |
Phe | 3 | ND~10.2 | 1.30 | 3.32 | 2.55 | 13 |
Flu | 3 | ND~8.48 | 1.63 | 3.26 | 2.00 | 20 |
Ace | 3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Acpy | 3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Chr | 4 | ND~21.58 | 1.44 | 5.38 | 3.74 | 7 |
BaA | 4 | ND~32.36 | 2.89 | 8.34 | 2.88 | 13 |
Pyr | 4 | ND~11.25 | 1.37 | 3.51 | 2.56 | 13 |
Fla | 4 | ND~12.63 | 2.94 | 4.91 | 1.67 | 27 |
DahA | 5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
BaP | 5 | ND~107.88 | 13.19 | 26.18 | 1.98 | 53 |
BkF | 5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
BbF | 5 | ND~53.94 | 5.04 | 13.58 | 2.69 | 20 |
BghiP | 6 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
IcdP | 6 | ND~75.52 | 5.74 | 18.83 | 3.28 | 13 |
ΣPAH7 | ND~291.28 | 28.30 | 71.04 | 2.51 | 53 | |
ΣPAH16 | 56.25~582.56 | 149.63 | 122.33 | 0.82 | 100 |
Sampling Points | Sampling Year | ∑PAHs, ng/g | Concentration Mean, ng/g | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
61 Stations within the YRD | 2006–2008 | 27–753 | 118 ± 132 | [29] |
The Experimental, Buffer and Core area of the YRDNR | 2013 | 79.2–311 | 119 | [30] |
Around Oil Wells with Different Extraction Histories in the YRD | 2015 | 278.7–733.5 | 382.5 ± 128.4 | [15] |
The Oil Field Soil and the Estuary Soil of the YRD | 2018 | 157.8–481.7 | 274 | [32] |
Around the wells in Xianhe Town, Gudao Town and Huanghekou Town of Dongying City | 2009 2021 | 2.6–8275.46 56.25–582.56 | 1744.41 149.63 | This study This study |
Exposure Pathways | 2009 | 2021 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Child | Adult | Child | |
ILCRingestion | 8.56 × 10−9 | 4.28 × 10−9 | 1.68 × 10−8 | 8.4 × 10−9 |
ILCRinhalation | 6.64 × 10−13 | 4.74 × 10−20 | 1.3 × 10−12 | 9.31 × 10−20 |
ILCRdermal | 1.52 × 10−8 | 5.34 × 10−9 | 2.99 × 10−8 | 1.05 × 10−8 |
ILCRs | 2.38 × 10−8 | 9.62 × 10−9 | 4.67 × 10−8 | 1.89 × 10−8 |
Study Area | Study Year | Mean of ILCRs (Adult) | Mean of ILCRs (Child) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow River Delta Natural Reserve | 2017 | 1.14 × 10−6 | 1.23 × 10−6 | [17] |
Farmland soil in the YRD | 2020 | 9.00 × 10−6 | 3.60 × 10−5 | [14] |
Xianhe Town, Gudao Town and Huanghekou Town of Dongying City in the YRD | 2009 | 2.38 × 10−8 | 9.62 × 10−9 | This Study |
Farmland soil in the YRD | 2021 | 4.67 × 10−8 | 1.89 × 10−8 | This Study |
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Wu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Qi, Y.; Li, J.; Hou, Y.; Hao, H.; Xiao, N.; Zhi, Q. Characteristics, Source and Risk Assessment of Soil Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around Oil Wells in the Yellow River Delta, China. Water 2023, 15, 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183324
Wu Y, Zhao Y, Qi Y, Li J, Hou Y, Hao H, Xiao N, Zhi Q. Characteristics, Source and Risk Assessment of Soil Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around Oil Wells in the Yellow River Delta, China. Water. 2023; 15(18):3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183324
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yuxuan, Yilei Zhao, Yue Qi, Junsheng Li, Yuchen Hou, Haojing Hao, Nengwen Xiao, and Qiuying Zhi. 2023. "Characteristics, Source and Risk Assessment of Soil Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons around Oil Wells in the Yellow River Delta, China" Water 15, no. 18: 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183324