Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Framework
2.1.1. Geographical Scope of the Study
2.1.2. Scientific Framework
2.2. Study Material
Study Population
2.3. Study Methods
2.3.1. Type of Study
2.3.2. Method Used for Data Collection
2.3.3. Sampling
2.3.4. Data Collection Techniques and Tools
2.3.5. Conduct of the Survey
2.3.6. Data Processing
2.4. Ethical Aspects of Research
2.5. Difficulties Encountered
3. Results
3.1. Household Solid and Liquid Waste Management
3.2. Household Water Supply
3.3. Household Wastewater Management
Indicators | Terms and Conditions | % | p. Values |
---|---|---|---|
Discharge points for kitchen water | In the courtyard of the house | 6.16% | <0.001 |
In a sump | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
On the public highway | 78.77% | - | |
On an undeveloped plot | 13.70% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Discharge points for washing water | In the courtyard of the house | 8.90% | <0.001 |
On the public highway | 78.77% | - | |
On an undeveloped plot | 12.33% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Drainage/discharge of wastewater | Septic tank | 58.22% | - |
On the public highway | 6.16% | <0.001 | |
On an undeveloped plot | 32.19% | <0.001 | |
In a sump | 3.42% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Existence of latrines in the concession | Yes | 85.62% | - |
No | 14.38% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Types of latrines | Traditional pit | 54.40% | - |
Ventilated improvised pit (VIP) latrines | 30.47% | <0.001 | |
Manual flush toilet (TCM) | 15.13% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% | ||
Condition of latrines | Good | 93.60% | - |
Acceptable | 4.00% | <0.001 | |
Bad | 2.40% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% | ||
Frequency of toilet/latrine maintenance | Twice a month | 68.00% | - |
Once a month | 0.80% | <0.001 | |
Once a week | 31.20% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% | ||
Frequency of latrine emptying | Once every 3 years | 2.40% | <0.001 |
Once every 2 years | 3.20% | <0.001 | |
Once a year | 1.60% | <0.001 | |
Never | 66.40% | - | |
Do not know | 26.40% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% |
Indicators | Terms and Conditions | % | p. Values |
---|---|---|---|
Method of emptying the pit once it has been filled | Emptying truck | 5.48% | <0.001 |
Never emptied + do not know | 80.14% | <0.001 | |
Total | 85.62% | ||
Final treatment after emptying | Do not know | 99.20% | <0.001 |
Other | 0.80% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% | ||
Places where latrines are not available | In the wild | 66.67% | <0.001 |
The neighbors | 14.28% | <0.001 | |
In a public toilet | 19.05% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100% | ||
Places where children’s feces are discharged | In a toilet | 14.38% | <0.001 |
In the wild | 85.62% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Observation of flooding in the concession during the rainy season | Yes | 12.33% | <0.001 |
No | 87.67% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Observation of flooding in the neighborhood | Yes | 11.64% | <0.001 |
No | 88.36% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Knowledge of what happens to the place where the lorries are emptied | Yes | 67.12% | <0.001 |
No | 32.88% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Condition of gutters | Bad | 0.68% | <0.001 |
Do not exist | 99.32% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% |
3.4. Knowledge of Wastewater Management
3.4.1. Raising Awareness of Sanitation Issues in the Hygiene Department
3.4.2. Interview with the Head of the Basic Hygiene and Sanitation Department
3.4.3. Interview with the Head of the Town Hall’s Technical Division
3.4.4. Interview with the Head of the Village Development Committee
3.4.5. Interview with the Town Hall Councilor
3.4.6. Observation Grid for the General Environment of the Village
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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12 Villages of Adétikopé | Number of Men | Number of Women | Total | Total Households Surveyed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adetikope-Centre | 8708 | 9325 | 18,033 | 1128 |
Agnave | 3625 | 3687 | 7312 | 458 |
Devime | 5098 | 5447 | 10,545 | 660 |
Dzove | 3104 | 3098 | 6202 | 388 |
Adoglove | 2134 | 2169 | 4303 | 269 |
Lomenyo KOPE | 2075 | 2120 | 4195 | 263 |
Kpokpome-Agute | 13,608 | 14,385 | 27,993 | 1752 |
Agotime | 1923 | 1901 | 3824 | 239 |
Kladjeme | 4253 | 4371 | 8624 | 540 |
Kpotave | 5432 | 5632 | 11,064 | 693 |
Tonoukouti | 2396 | 2466 | 4862 | 304 |
Tsikplonou-Kondji | 1554 | 1,683 | 3237 | 203 |
Total Commune Agoe-Nyive 6 | 53,910 | 56,284 | 110,194 | 6898 |
Technical | Tools | Target |
---|---|---|
Observation | Observation grid | General neighborhood environment Household environment |
Maintenance | Interview guide | Head of the town hall’s technical division Head of the CMS hygiene and sanitation department Head of CDV Town councilor and secretary |
Questionnaire survey | Questionnaire | Head of household/representative |
Literature review | Tabulation sheet | Consultation register, scientific websites |
Indicators | Terms | % | p. Values |
---|---|---|---|
Neighborhoods | Adétikopé Adoglové | 15.07% | <0.05 |
Adétikopé Agnavé | 21.92% | - | |
Adétikopé Agotimé | 6.16% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Centre | 12.33% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Dévimé | 4.11% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Djové | 2.05% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Kladjémé | 6.85% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Agouté | 10.96% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Kpotavé | 5.48% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Lomenyo Kopé | 4.11% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Tonoukouti | 3.42% | <0.001 | |
Adétikopé Tsikponou Kondji | 7.53% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Gender | Female | 72.60% | - |
Male | 27.40% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Age | [0–20] | 0.68% | <0.001 |
[20–30] | 19.98% | <0.001 | |
[30–40] | 39.61% | - | |
[40–50] | 20.55% | <0.001 | |
[50–60] | 15.75% | <0.001 | |
[60–70] | 3.42% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Occupancy status | Rental | 30.14% | <0.001 |
Family properties | 16.44% | <0.001 | |
Personal properties | 53.42% | - | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Religions | Animist | 8.90% | <0.001 |
Christian | 70.55% | - | |
Muslim | 20.55% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Level of education | Out of school | 9.59% | <0.001 |
Primary | 22.60% | <0.001 | |
Secondary | 64.38% | - | |
University | 3.42% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% |
Indicators | Terms | % | p. Values |
---|---|---|---|
Main occupation of head of household | Farmer | 8.90% | <0.05 |
Artisan | 17.12% | <0.05 | |
Car/Motorcycle Taxi Driver | 0.68% | <0.001 | |
Shopkeeper | 29.45% | - | |
Housekeeper | 24.66% | <0.05 | |
Retailer | 8.90% | <0.001 | |
Employee | 8.90% | <0.001 | |
Other | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Average household sizeMode | M-1 | 2.05% | <0.001 |
M-2 | 4.79% | <0.001 | |
M-3 | 13.01% | <0.06 | |
M-4 | 19.86% | <0.09 | |
M-5 | 10.27% | <0.001 | |
M-6 | 20.66% | - | |
M-7 | 10.33% | <0.05 | |
M-8 | 9.65% | <0.05 | |
M-9 | 5.54% | <0.05 | |
M-10 | 2.11% | <0.001 | |
M-11 | 0.06% | <0.001 | |
M-12 | 0.06% | <0.001 | |
M-13 | 0.06% | <0.001 | |
M-14 | 0.06% | <0.001 | |
M-15 | 0.06% | <0.001 | |
M-16 | 0.34% | <0.001 | |
M-20 | 0.29% | <0.001 | |
M-24 | 0.40% | <0.001 | |
M-32 | 0.40% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% |
Indicators | Terms | % | p. Values |
---|---|---|---|
Main source of drinking water | TDE * (Togolese of the waters) only | 6.16% | <0.001 |
TDE and drilling | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
Drilling only | 74.66% | - | |
Drilling and wells | 9.59% | <0.001 | |
Well only | 6.85% | <0.001 | |
Wells and TDE | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Use made of water TDE | Drinks and cooking | 2.05% | <0.001 |
Shower and laundry | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
All | 5.48% | <0.001 | |
Do not use | 91.10% | - | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Water used for drinking | Conditioned water | 8.90% | <0.001 |
Borehole water | 80.14% | - | |
Well water | 4.11% | <0.001 | |
TDE water | 6.85% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Water used for cooking | Drilling | 72.60% | - |
Drilling and wells | 3.42% | <0.001 | |
Well | 15.07% | <0.001 | |
TDE water | 8.90% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Water used for showering | Drilling | 70.55% | - |
Well | 21.92% | <0.001 | |
TDE | 7.53% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
TDE water source | TDE subscriber | 93.38% | - |
Fountain bollard | 6.62% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | ||
Satisfaction with TDE services | Satisfied | 23.08% | <0.05 |
Not very satisfied | 30.77% | <0.05 | |
Not satisfied | 38.46% | - | |
Does not wish to express | 7.69% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% |
Indicators | Terms and Conditions | % | Capital Gains |
---|---|---|---|
Knowledge of wastewater management | Yes | 58.22% | <0.001 |
No | 41.78% | <0.001 | |
Total | 100.00% | <0.001 | |
Information channel on wastewater management knowledge | Media | 56.22% | <0.001 |
Rue | 2.00% | <0.001 | |
NA | 43.15% | <0.001 | |
Total | 101.37% | <0.001 | |
Knowledge of wastewater reclamation | Yes | 62.33% | <0.001 |
No | 36.30% | <0.001 | |
No answer | 1.37% | <0.001 | |
100.00% | <0.001 | ||
Knowledge of the health hazards of wastewater | Yes | 96.58% | <0.001 |
No | 2.74% | <0.001 | |
No answer | 0.68% | <0.001 | |
100.00% | <0.001 |
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Share and Cite
Gbekley, E.H.; Houedakor, K.Z.; Komi, K.; Poli, S.; Adjalo, D.K.; Nyakpo, A.; Ayivigan, A.M.; Ali, A.A.G.V.; Zinsou-Klassou, K.; Adjoussi, P. Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé. Water 2023, 15, 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183306
Gbekley EH, Houedakor KZ, Komi K, Poli S, Adjalo DK, Nyakpo A, Ayivigan AM, Ali AAGV, Zinsou-Klassou K, Adjoussi P. Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé. Water. 2023; 15(18):3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183306
Chicago/Turabian StyleGbekley, Efui Holaly, Koko Zébéto Houedakor, Kossi Komi, Sossawè Poli, Djiwonou Koffi Adjalo, Ablam Nyakpo, Ayayivi Mensah Ayivigan, Abdourahamane Aissa Ghanny Vanessa Ali, Kossiwa Zinsou-Klassou, and Pèssiezoum Adjoussi. 2023. "Urban Governance and Sanitation in the Peri-Urban Commune of Agoè-Nyvé 6 in Togo: Diagnosis of the Sanitation System in Adétikopé" Water 15, no. 18: 3306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183306