Optimization of the Preparation Conditions of Aluminum-Impregnated Food Waste Biochar Using RSM with an MLP and Its Application in Phosphate Removal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of AL–FWB
2.2. Application of the QE and MLP in RSM to Optimize the Preparation Conditions of AL–FWB for Use in Phosphate Removal
2.3. Characterization of Opt-AL–FWB
2.4. Batch Studies for Evaluation of Phosphate Adsorption Characteristics of Opt-AL–FWB
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of AL–FWB Preparation for Use in Phosphate Adsorption via RSM with the QE or MLP
3.2. Characteristics of Opt-AL–FWB
3.3. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage
3.4. Effect of Contact Time
3.5. Effect of Initial Phosphate Concentration
3.6. Effect of Temperature
3.7. Effect of Solution pH
3.8. Effect of Competing Anions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hu, F.; Wang, M.; Peng, X.; Qiu, F.; Zhang, T.; Dai, H.; Liu, Z.; Cao, Z. High-efficient adsorption of phosphates from water by hierarchical CuAl/biomass carbon fiber layered double hydroxide. Colloids Surf. A 2018, 555, 314–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veni, D.K.; Kannan, P.; Edison, T.N.J.I.; Senthilkumar, A. Biochar from green waste for phosphate removal with subsequent disposal. Waste Manag. 2017, 68, 752–759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yao, Y.; Gao, B.; Chen, J.; Yang, L. Engineered biochar reclaiming phosphate from aqueous solutions: Mechanisms and potential application as a slow-release fertilizer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 8700–8708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, R.; Wang, J.J.; Zhou, B.; Awasthi, M.K.; Ali, A.; Zhang, Z.; Gaston, L.A.; Lahori, A.H.; Mahar, A. Enhancing phosphate adsorption by Mg/Al layered double hydroxide functionalized biochar with different Mg/Al ratios. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 559, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.; Yan, H.; Shang, M.; Shan, K.; Wang, G. Water eutrophication evaluation based on semi-supervised classification: A case study in Three Gorges Reservoir. Ecol. Indic. 2017, 81, 362–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Kim, D.I.; Dorji, P.; Phuntsho, S.; Hong, S.; Shon, H.K. Phosphorus removal mechanisms from domestic wastewater by membrane capacitive deionization and system optimization for enhanced phosphate removal. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 2019, 126, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.-H.; Kang, H.-J.; Kim, H.-S.; Wells, G.F.; Park, H.-D. Effects of alkali-treated sludge supplementation for enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a membrane bioreactor. Fuel 2019, 254, 115588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradhan, S.K.; Mikola, A.; Heinonen-Tanski, H.; Vahala, R. Recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from human urine using membrane and precipitation process. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 247, 596–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manawi, Y.; Hussien, M.; Buekenhoudt, A.; Zekri, A.; Al-Sulaiti, H.; Lawler, J.; Kochkodan, V. New ceramic membrane for Phosphate and oil removal. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 106916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ge, J.; Meng, X.; Song, Y.; Terracciano, A. Effect of phosphate releasing in activated sludge on phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater. J. Environ. Sci. 2018, 67, 216–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Guan, X.; She, L.; Xiang, P.; Xia, S.; Zhang, Z. Bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia to induce struvite crystallization for recovering phosphorus from aqueous solution. J. Environ. Sci. 2019, 85, 119–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Z.; Zhang, K.; Liu, F.; Gao, X.; Zhai, Z.; Li, J.; Du, L. Simultaneous recovery of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solutions using Mg/Fe modified NaY zeolite: Integration between adsorption and struvite precipitation. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2022, 299, 121713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mavhungu, A.; Foteinis, S.; Mbaya, R.; Masindi, V.; Kortidis, I.; Mpenyana-Monyatsi, L.; Chatzisymeon, E. Environmental sustainability of municipal wastewater treatment through struvite precipitation: Influence of operational parameters. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 285, 124856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vikrant, K.; Kim, K.-H.; Ok, Y.S.; Tsang, D.C.W.; Tsang, Y.F.; Giri, B.S.; Singh, R.S. Engineered/designer biochar for the removal of phosphate in water and wastewater. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 616–617, 1242–1260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cichy, B.; Kużdżał, E.; Krztoń, H. Phosphorus recovery from acidic wastewater by hydroxyapatite precipitation. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 232, 421–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Lin, X.; He, Y.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, J.; Luo, X. Adsorption of phosphorus from slaughterhouse wastewater by carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan loaded with lanthanum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 119, 105–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, G.; Jiang, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Cao, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wang, L. Synthesis of Mn/Al double oxygen biochar from dewatered sludge for enhancing phosphate removal. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 251, 119725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, K.-W.; Hwang, M.-J.; Jeong, T.-U.; Ahn, K.-H. A novel approach for preparation of modified-biochar derived from marine macroalgae: Dual purpose electro-modification for improvement of surface area and metal impregnation. Bioresour. Technol. 2015, 191, 342–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.H.; Jung, D.I. Removal of total phosphorus (TP) from municipal wastewater using loess. Desalination 2011, 269, 104–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.-I.; Jadamba, C.; Yoo, S.-C.; Lee, C.-G.; Shin, M.-C.; Lee, J.; Park, S.-J. Cycling of phosphorus from wastewater to fertilizer using wood ash after energy production. Chemosphere 2023, 336, 139191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.-I.; Jadamba, C.; Yoo, S.-C.; Lee, C.-G.; Park, S.-J. Value-added application of cattle manure bottom ash for phosphorus recovery from water and replenishment in soil. J. Environ. Manag. 2023, 339, 117891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Onyango, M.S.; Kuchar, D.; Kubota, M.; Matsuda, H. Adsorptive Removal of Phosphate Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Synthetic Zeolite. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2007, 46, 894–900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lalley, J.; Han, C.; Li, X.; Dionysiou, D.D.; Nadagouda, M.N. Phosphate adsorption using modified iron oxide-based sorbents in lake water: Kinetics, equilibrium, and column tests. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 284, 1386–1396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Georgantas, D.A.; Grigoropoulou, H.P. Orthophosphate and metaphosphate ion removal from aqueous solution using alum and aluminum hydroxide. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2007, 315, 70–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suresh Kumar, P.; Prot, T.; Korving, L.; Keesman, K.J.; Dugulan, I.; van Loosdrecht, M.C.M.; Witkamp, G.-J. Effect of pore size distribution on iron oxide coated granular activated carbons for phosphate adsorption—Importance of mesopores. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 326, 231–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ranganathan, S.; Dutta, S.; Moses, J.A.; Anandharamakrishnan, C. Utilization of food waste streams for the production of biopolymers. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morone, P.; Koutinas, A.; Gathergood, N.; Arshadi, M.; Matharu, A. Food waste: Challenges and opportunities for enhancing the emerging bio-economy. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 221, 10–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Wastage Footprint Full-Cost Accounting. 2014. Available online: https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=5e7c4154-2b97-4ea5-83a7-be9604925a24%2f (accessed on 15 August 2023).
- Li, L.; Zou, D.; Xiao, Z.; Zeng, X.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, L.; Wang, A.; Ge, D.; Zhang, G.; Liu, F. Biochar as a sorbent for emerging contaminants enables improvements in waste management and sustainable resource use. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 210, 1324–1342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masebinu, S.O.; Akinlabi, E.T.; Muzenda, E.; Aboyade, A.O. A review of biochar properties and their roles in mitigating challenges with anaerobic digestion. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 103, 291–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melia, P.M.; Busquets, R.; Hooda, P.S.; Cundy, A.B.; Sohi, S.P. Driving forces and barriers in the removal of phosphorus from water using crop residue, wood and sewage sludge derived biochars. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 675, 623–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Novais, S.V.; Zenero, M.D.O.; Barreto, M.S.C.; Montes, C.R.; Cerri, C.E.P. Phosphorus removal from eutrophic water using modified biochar. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 633, 825–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, J.; Wang, S. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: A review. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 227, 1002–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajapaksha, A.U.; Chen, S.S.; Tsang, D.C.; Zhang, M.; Vithanage, M.; Mandal, S.; Gao, B.; Bolan, N.S.; Ok, Y.S. Engineered/designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: Potential and implication of biochar modification. Chemosphere 2016, 148, 276–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huff, M.D.; Lee, J.W. Biochar-surface oxygenation with hydrogen peroxide. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 165, 17–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, H.; Capareda, S.; Chang, Z.; Gao, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, J. Biochar pyrolytically produced from municipal solid wastes for aqueous As (V) removal: Adsorption property and its improvement with KOH activation. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 169, 622–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, J.; Li, X.; Yu, Z.; Zeng, G.; Luo, Y.; Jiang, L.; Yang, Z.; Qian, Y.; Wu, H. Amorphous MnO2 modified biochar derived from aerobically composted swine manure for adsorption of Pb (II) and Cd (II). ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 5049–5058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadegh, N.; Haddadi, H.; Sadegh, F.; Asfaram, A. Recent advances and perspectives of tannin-based adsorbents for wastewater pollutants elimination: A review. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 2023, 19, 100763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Shen, F.; Qi, X. Adsorption recovery of phosphate from aqueous solution by CaO-biochar composites prepared from eggshell and rice straw. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 666, 694–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saadat, S.; Raei, E.; Talebbeydokhti, N. Enhanced removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using a modified sludge derived biochar: Comparative study of various modifying cations and RSM based optimization of pyrolysis parameters. J. Environ. Manag. 2018, 225, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, S.; Wang, S.; Li, Y.; Gao, B. Functionalizing biochar with Mg–Al and Mg–Fe layered double hydroxides for removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2017, 47, 246–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Shen, J.; He, X.; Chi, L.; Wang, X. Efficient macroporous adsorbent for phosphate removal based on hydrate aluminum-functionalized melamine sponge. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 421, 127848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djimtoingar, S.S.; Derkyi, N.S.A.; Kuranchie, F.A.; Yankyera, J.K. A review of response surface methodology for biogas process optimization. Cogent Eng. 2022, 9, 2115283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghelich, R.; Jahannama, M.R.; Abdizadeh, H.; Torknik, F.S.; Vaezi, M.R. Central composite design (CCD)-Response surface methodology (RSM) of effective electrospinning parameters on PVP-B-Hf hybrid nanofibrous composites for synthesis of HfB2-based composite nanofibers. Compos. B Eng. 2019, 166, 527–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinkus, A. Approximation theory of the MLP model in neural networks. Acta Numer. 1999, 8, 143–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bishop, C.M. Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Lyonga, F.N.; Hong, S.-H.; Cho, E.-J.; Kang, J.-K.; Lee, C.-G.; Park, S.-J. As(III) adsorption onto Fe-impregnated food waste biochar: Experimental investigation, modeling, and optimization using response surface methodology. Environ. Geochem. Health 2021, 43, 3303–3321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kang, J.-K.; Seo, E.-J.; Lee, C.-G.; Park, S.-J. Fe-loaded biochar obtained from food waste for enhanced phosphate adsorption and its adsorption mechanism study via spectroscopic and experimental approach. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2021, 9, 105751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, K.-W.; Jeong, T.-U.; Kang, H.-J.; Chang, J.-S.; Ahn, K.-H. Preparation of modified-biochar from Laminaria japonica: Simultaneous optimization of aluminum electrode-based electro-modification and pyrolysis processes and its application for phosphate removal. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 214, 548–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arabkhani, P.; Saeedi, N.; Sadeghi, H.; Nouripour-Sisakht, S.; Gharaghani, M.; Asfaram, A. Plant extracts-mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide/carbon nanofiber nanocomposites with highly efficient photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties for wastewater treatment. J. Water Process Eng. 2023, 54, 104020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bailon, M.X.; Chaudhary, D.K.; Jeon, C.; Ok, Y.S.; Hong, Y. Impact of sulfur-impregnated biochar amendment on microbial communities and mercury methylation in contaminated sediment. J. Hazard. Mater. 2022, 438, 129464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Wang, S.; Chen, Z.; Zhou, X.; Wang, J.; Chen, Z. Engineered biochar with anisotropic layered double hydroxide nanosheets to simultaneously and efficiently capture Pb2+ and CrO42− from electroplating wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 2020, 306, 123118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mojet, B.L.; Ebbesen, S.D.; Lefferts, L. Light at the interface: The potential of attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy for understanding heterogeneous catalysis in water. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Q.; Liang, W.; Liu, F.; Wang, G.; Wan, J.; Zhang, W.; Peng, C.; Yang, J. Simultaneous immobilization of arsenic, lead and cadmium by magnesium-aluminum modified biochar in mining soil. J. Environ. Manag. 2022, 310, 114792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simons, W.W. The Sadtler Handbook of Infrared Spectra; Sadtler Research Laboratories: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Socrates, G. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts, 3rd ed.; John Wiley & Sons: London, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Coates, J. Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach. In Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Peng, C.; Gong, K.; Li, Q.; Liang, W.; Song, H.; Liu, F.; Yang, J.; Zhang, W. Simultaneous immobilization of arsenic, lead, and cadmium in soil by magnesium-aluminum modified biochar: Influences of organic acids, aging, and rainfall. Chemosphere 2023, 313, 137453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birnin-Yauri, U.A.; Glasser, F.P. Friedel’s salt, Ca2Al(OH)6(Cl,OH)·2H2O: Its solid solutions and their role in chloride binding. Cem. Concr. Res. 1998, 28, 1713–1723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terzyk, A.P. The influence of activated carbon surface chemical composition on the adsorption of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in vitro: Part II. TG, FTIR, and XPS analysis of carbons and the temperature dependence of adsorption kinetics at the neutral pH. Colloids Surf. A 2001, 177, 23–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puziy, A.M.; Poddubnaya, O.I.; Socha, R.P.; Gurgul, J.; Wisniewski, M. XPS and NMR studies of phosphoric acid activated carbons. Carbon 2008, 46, 2113–2123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reguyal, F.; Sarmah, A.K. Adsorption of sulfamethoxazole by magnetic biochar: Effects of pH, ionic strength, natural organic matter and 17α-ethinylestradiol. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 628–629, 722–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindblad, T.; Rebenstorf, B.; Yan, Z.-G.; Andersson, S.L.T. Characterization of vanadia supported on amorphous AlPO4 and its properties for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 1994, 112, 187–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenthal, D.; Ruta, M.; Schlögl, R.; Kiwi-Minsker, L. Combined XPS and TPD study of oxygen-functionalized carbon nanofibers grown on sintered metal fibers. Carbon 2010, 48, 1835–1843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padmavathy, K.; Madhu, G.; Haseena, P. A study on effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, time, initial concentration and adsorption isotherm study for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) from wastewater by magnetite nanoparticles. Proc. Technol. 2016, 24, 585–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, W.; Wei, R.; Yang, L.; Yang, Y.; Li, G.; Ni, J. Characteristics of wood-derived biochars produced at different temperatures before and after deashing: Their different potential advantages in environmental applications. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 651, 2762–2771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, F.-C.; Tseng, R.-L.; Huang, S.-C.; Juang, R.-S. Characteristics of pseudo-second-order kinetic model for liquid-phase adsorption: A mini-review. Chem. Eng. J. 2009, 151, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M.-J.; Lee, J.-H.; Lee, C.-G.; Park, S.-J. Thermal treatment of attapulgite for phosphate removal: A cheap and natural adsorbent with high adsorption capacity. Desalin. Water Treat. 2018, 114, 174–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, L.; Zhang, H.; Yin, J.; Wei, G.; Qian, K.; Wang, Y.; Yu, C. A designed nanoporous material for phosphate removal with high efficiency. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 2489–2494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Edzwald, J.; Association, A.W.W. Water Quality & Treatment: A Handbook on Drinking Water; McGraw-Hill Education: Newyork, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Belhachemi, M. Chapter 14—Adsorption of organic compounds on activated carbons. In Sorbents Materials for Controlling Environmental Pollution, Núñez-Delgado, A., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 355–385. [Google Scholar]
- Yao, Y.; Gao, B.; Inyang, M.; Zimmerman, A.R.; Cao, X.; Pullammanappallil, P.; Yang, L. Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings. J. Hazard. Mater. 2011, 190, 501–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, M.; Gao, B. Removal of arsenic, methylene blue, and phosphate by biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite. Chem. Eng. J. 2013, 226, 286–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, X.; Dai, X.; Khan, K.Y.; Li, T.; Yang, X.; He, Z. Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using magnesium-alginate/chitosan modified biochar microspheres derived from Thalia dealbata. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 218, 1123–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, K.-W.; Ahn, K.-H. Fabrication of porosity-enhanced MgO/biochar for removal of phosphate from aqueous solution: Application of a novel combined electrochemical modification method. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 200, 1029–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, R.; Wang, J.J.; Zhou, B.; Awasthi, M.K.; Ali, A.; Zhang, Z.; Lahori, A.H.; Mahar, A. Recovery of phosphate from aqueous solution by magnesium oxide decorated magnetic biochar and its potential as phosphate-based fertilizer substitute. Bioresour. Technol. 2016, 215, 209–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Shen, D.; Shen, F.; Li, T. Phosphate adsorption on lanthanum loaded biochar. Chemosphere 2016, 150, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Do, D.D. Adsorption Analysis: Equilibria and Kinetics; Imperial College Press London: London, UK, 1998; Volume 2. [Google Scholar]
- Rashid, M.; Price, N.T.; Gracia Pinilla, M.Á.; O’Shea, K.E. Effective removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using humic acid coated magnetite nanoparticles. Water Res. 2017, 123, 353–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Milagres, J.L.; Bellato, C.R.; Vieira, R.S.; Ferreira, S.O.; Reis, C. Preparation and evaluation of the Ca-Al layered double hydroxide for removal of copper(II), nickel(II), chromium(VI) and phosphate from aqueous solution. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2017, 5, 5469–5480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, Y.S.; McKay, G. Kinetic Model for Lead(II) Sorption on to Peat. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 1998, 16, 243–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lagergren, S.K. About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances. Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handingarl 1898, 24, 1–39. [Google Scholar]
- Freundlich, H. Über die Adsorption in Lösungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 1907, 57U, 385–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langmuir, I. The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. solids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 2221–2295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.-H.; Kang, J.-K.; Lee, S.-C.; Kim, S.-B. Immobilization of layered double hydroxide in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer matrices to synthesize bead-type adsorbents for phosphate removal from natural water. Appl. Clay Sci. 2019, 170, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lima, E.C.; Gomes, A.A.; Tran, H.N. Comparison of the nonlinear and linear forms of the van’t Hoff equation for calculation of adsorption thermodynamic parameters (∆S° and ∆H°). J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 311, 113315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L. Application of activated carbon derived from ‘waste’ bamboo culms for the adsorption of azo disperse dye: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. J. Environ. Manag. 2012, 102, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Input Variables | Normalized Value (−) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Original value | Pyrolysis temperature (°C, X1) | 300 | 450 | 600 |
Pyrolysis duration (h, X2) | 0.5 | 2.0 | 3.5 | |
Al concentration (%, X3) | 2 | 4 | 6 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value Prob. > F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 0.040 | 4 | 9.9 × 10−3 | 28.35 | <0.0001 |
X1 | 0.019 | 1 | 0.019 | 55.01 | <0.0001 |
X3 | 7.0 × 10−3 | 1 | 7.0 × 10−3 | 20.12 | 0.0007 |
X1X3 | 3.9 × 10−3 | 1 | 3.9 × 10−3 | 11.08 | 0.0060 |
X12 | 9.5 × 10−3 | 1 | 9.5 × 10−3 | 27.21 | 0.0002 |
Residual | 4.2 × 10−3 | 12 | 3.5 × 10−4 | ||
Lack of fit | 4.1 × 10−3 | 8 | 5.1 × 10−4 | 21.31 | 0.0050 |
Pure Error | 9.6 × 10−5 | 4 | 2.4 × 10−5 | ||
Total | 0.044 | 16 |
Adsorbents | Elements (Wt%) | Specific Surface Area and Pore Analyses | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | O | Al | Cl | Na | Ca | Specific Surface Area (m2 g−1) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) | |
Opt-AL–FWB | 42.0 ± 13.8 | 23.4 ± 5.5 | 12.1 ± 5.7 | 14.5 ± 6.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 10.4 | 0.031 | 12.1 |
Feedstock | Modifier | Qmax (mg/g) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Sugar beet tailings | Not used | 133.1 | Yao et al. [72] |
Cottonwood | Mg/Al LDH | 410.0 | Zhang and Gao [73] |
Thalia dealbata | MgCl2-alginate | 46.6 | Cui et al. [74] |
Laminaria japonica | Calcium-alginate beads | 620.7 | Jung and Ahn [75] |
Sugarcane harvest residue | MgO | 121.3 | Li, Wang, Zhou, Awasthi, Ali, Zhang, Gaston, Lahori, and Mahar [4] |
Sugarcane leaves | Mg/Al LDH | 81.8 | Li et al. [76] |
Oak | Lanthanum | 46.4 | Wang et al. [77] |
Bamboo | Mg-Al and Mg-Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH) | 172.0 | Wan, Wang, Li, and Gao [41] |
Food waste | Aluminum | 197.8 | This study |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kang, J.-K.; Kingkhambang, K.; Lee, C.-G.; Park, S.-J. Optimization of the Preparation Conditions of Aluminum-Impregnated Food Waste Biochar Using RSM with an MLP and Its Application in Phosphate Removal. Water 2023, 15, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162997
Kang J-K, Kingkhambang K, Lee C-G, Park S-J. Optimization of the Preparation Conditions of Aluminum-Impregnated Food Waste Biochar Using RSM with an MLP and Its Application in Phosphate Removal. Water. 2023; 15(16):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162997
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Jin-Kyu, Khonekeo Kingkhambang, Chang-Gu Lee, and Seong-Jik Park. 2023. "Optimization of the Preparation Conditions of Aluminum-Impregnated Food Waste Biochar Using RSM with an MLP and Its Application in Phosphate Removal" Water 15, no. 16: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162997