Assessing the Cooling Effect of Blue-Green Spaces: Implications for Urban Heat Island Mitigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Data Sources
- USGS Landsat 8 Collection 2 Tier 1 TOA Reflectance (LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_TOA)
- USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1 (LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2)
3.2. Data Processing and Analysis Using GEE
3.2.1. Landscape Indices and Land Cover Extraction
3.2.2. Retrieved LST
3.2.3. Correlation Analysis
3.2.4. Masking and LST Spatial Analysis
3.2.5. Validation of Estimated LST
4. Results
4.1. Landscape Indices
- NDVI: The NDVI values’ range indicated a moderate vegetation cover, with the northwestern part of Bhubaneswar, which is part of the Chandaka Forest range, exhibiting a higher vegetation density than others.
- MNDWI: The study area exhibited a predominant presence of non-water features, resulting in negative mean MNDWI values. Notably, Kuakhai and its distributaries, the Daya and Bhargavi rivers, gracefully flow through the central–eastern part of Bhubaneswar, accompanied by sporadic occurrences of smaller water bodies such as lakes, dams, and ponds scattered throughout the city.
- NDBI: The NDBI values ranged from −0.72 to 0.31, with a mean value of -0.08 and a standard deviation of 0.11. A previous study suggested that the urban area has undergone significant growth and intensification over the past two decades, expanding outward from the centre along major transportation routes. Recent years have witnessed a sprawl of urban development, with an increasing intensity of structures in already urbanised areas, particularly in close proximity to the city centre [55,56].
4.2. Spatial Distribution of LST
4.3. Comparison of LST between Different Urban Areas
4.4. Correlation Analysis Using Landscape Indices and LST
5. Discussion
5.1. Cooling Effect of Blue-Green Spaces
5.2. Explore Potential Water-Sensitive Design
5.3. Heat Action Plans (HAPs) as a Strategic Approach for Managing Urban Heat
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landscape Indices | Min | Max | Mean | Std Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | −0.21 | 0.71 | 0.35 | 0.10 |
MNDWI | −0.51 | 0.66 | −0.28 | 0.94 |
NDBI | −0.72 | 0.31 | −0.08 | 0.11 |
MODIS LST Product | Resampled Landsat-Estimated LST | |
---|---|---|
Min | 33.97 | 30.95 |
Max | 43.89 | 47.02 |
Mean | 39.15 | 37.44 |
Std dev. | 1.81 | 2.36 |
Min | Max | Mean | Std Dev. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue-green Spaces | 23.87 | 38.07 | 31.97 | 1.53 |
Non-blue-green Spaces | 24.62 | 40.38 | 34.12 | 1.34 |
Min | Max | Mean | Std Dev. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Blue-green spaces | 27.04 | 36.00 | 31.86 | 1.31 |
Non-blue-green spaces | 28.73 | 37.26 | 34.08 | 1.30 |
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Pritipadmaja; Garg, R.D.; Sharma, A.K. Assessing the Cooling Effect of Blue-Green Spaces: Implications for Urban Heat Island Mitigation. Water 2023, 15, 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162983
Pritipadmaja, Garg RD, Sharma AK. Assessing the Cooling Effect of Blue-Green Spaces: Implications for Urban Heat Island Mitigation. Water. 2023; 15(16):2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162983
Chicago/Turabian StylePritipadmaja, Rahul Dev Garg, and Ashok K. Sharma. 2023. "Assessing the Cooling Effect of Blue-Green Spaces: Implications for Urban Heat Island Mitigation" Water 15, no. 16: 2983. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162983