Unravelling Relationships between In Vivo Effects on Plants and Detected Pesticide Mixtures in Freshwaters of a South-European Agro-Ecosystem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characterisation of the Study Area
2.2. Crop Occupation in the Study Area
2.3. Selection of the Sampling Surface Sites
2.4. Surface Water Sampling
2.5. Analytical Methods
2.5.1. Individual Parameters for Water Quality Intended for Irrigation Use
2.5.2. Pesticides
2.5.3. Phytotoxkit Liquid Samples
2.6. Environmental Risk Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Individual Water Quality Parameters
3.2. Detected Pesticide Compounds
3.3. Environmental Risk Assessment
3.4. Phytotestkit
3.4.1. Germination
3.4.2. Growth of Roots and Shoot
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pesticide | Concentration (μg L−1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 April | 22 June | 27 July | ||||
A1 | A3 | A1 | A3 | A1 | A3 | |
Fungicide | ||||||
azoxystrobin | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | 0.04 (±0.02) |
Herbicide | ||||||
azimsulfuron | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.2 (±0.1) | <0.05 | 0.12 (±0.06) |
bentazone | <0.05 | 0.51 (±0.26) | <0.05 | 3.4 (±1.7) | 0.2 (±0.1) | 8.0 (±4.0) |
clomazone | <0.05 | 0.1 (±0.1) | <0.05 | 0.16 (±0.08) | <0.05 | <0.05 |
glyphosate | 0.058 (±0.029) | 0.13 (±0.07) | 0.19 (±0.10) | 0.24 (±0.12) | 0.061 (±0.031) | 0.091 (±0.046) |
imazamox | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.092 (±0.046) | <0.05 | 0.09 (±0.05) |
MCPA | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.066 (±0.033) |
oxadiazon | <0.03 | 0.031 (±0.016) | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | 0.16 (±0.08) |
Herbicide metabolite | ||||||
AMPA | 0.41 (±0.21) | 0.36 (±0.18) | 0.62 (±0.31) | 0.58 (±0.29) | 0.62 (±0.31) | 0.68 (±0.34) |
Insecticide | ||||||
flonicamid | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | <0.03 | 0.079 (±0.04) |
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Silva, E.; Narciso, G.A.; Castro, J.C. Unravelling Relationships between In Vivo Effects on Plants and Detected Pesticide Mixtures in Freshwaters of a South-European Agro-Ecosystem. Water 2023, 15, 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162936
Silva E, Narciso GA, Castro JC. Unravelling Relationships between In Vivo Effects on Plants and Detected Pesticide Mixtures in Freshwaters of a South-European Agro-Ecosystem. Water. 2023; 15(16):2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162936
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Emília, Guilherme Anágua Narciso, and Joel Carvalho Castro. 2023. "Unravelling Relationships between In Vivo Effects on Plants and Detected Pesticide Mixtures in Freshwaters of a South-European Agro-Ecosystem" Water 15, no. 16: 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162936