Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Research Plan
2.2. Sources of Data
2.3. Water Quality Parameters
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Parameters
3.2. Microbiological Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Water Quality Status of Karachi City
4.2. Water Quality Status of Lahore City
4.3. Water Quality Status of Peshawar City
4.4. Water Quality Status of Abbottabad City
4.5. Water Quality Status of Gilgit City
4.6. Outbreak of Diseases due to Climate Change and Human Activities
4.7. Health Impacts Due to Microbiological and Chemical Contamination
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Province | Selected Cities | Locations within City | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Sindh | Karachi | Goth Ibrahim | Tap |
Malir town (Fakeer Sohrab Goth Jokhio MCB market) | Hand pump | ||
Tap | |||
Punjab | Lahore | Data Darbar | Tap |
Lahore 16 locations | Tube Wells | ||
Lahore city (13 town) | Well Water and Households Taps | ||
KPK | Peshawar | Khattak Chowk | Tube Well |
13 Union Councils | Tube Well and Tap water | ||
Nothia Road TW | Tube Well | ||
Abbottabad | Takkia Camp | Hand Pump | |
Jinnah Park | Tube Well | ||
Medical college | Tube Well | ||
Gilgit Baltistan | Gilgit | Gilgit KIU | Tap |
Barmas Water Supply | Water Supply | ||
Jutial water Tank | Water Tank |
Selected Cities | Number of Published Papers | Number of Published Reports | Number of Theses | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Karachi | 21 | 2 | - | 24 |
Lahore | 18 | 2 | 1 | 20 |
Peshawar | 20 | 1 | - | 21 |
Abbottabad | 9 | 2 | - | 11 |
Gilgit | 14 | 2 | - | 16 |
Total | 82 | 9 | 1 | 92 |
Locations | TCB, TFC and TPC Identified | Other Bacteria Identified | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Different District of Karachi | total viable plate count at 37 °C was >200 CFU/mL | Escherichia coli, Vibrio, and Salmonella | [23] |
Shah Faisal Town | TCC MPN/100 mL = 146.3, TFCMPN/100 mL = 762.92 | Fecal streptococci | [24] |
Dispensary Korangi | 920 MPN/100 mL | E. coli, | [10] |
Urban communities of Karachi | 29.2% of fecal (coliforms). | E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. | [25] |
Gulshan Iqbal town | TPC ≤ 20 CFU/mL | [26] | |
Different Town of Lahore City | Total bacterial viable counting minimum = no coliform colonies/100 mL, Max = 10,000 colonies | [27] | |
Goal Bagh Tube well | Total coliform/100 mL = 15 | E. coli | [10] |
Different Locations of Lahore City | Total viable count/mL = 5.9 × 102 Total coliform/100 mL = 14 Total fecal coliform count/100 mL = 11 | E. Coli, Pseudomonas | [28] |
Lahore | Maximum fecal coliform = 240 MPN/100 mL | [21] | |
Faisal Town | Total coliform = 17 MPN/100 mL | E. coli | [10] |
Budhni and Shakarpur Peshawar | TCB ranged from <1.1 to 280 MPN/100 mL TPC ranged from 8 × 101 to 7 × 104 CFU/mL | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Vibrio cholerae (VB), Salmonella Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus. E.coli | [29] |
Khattak chowk TW | Total coliform count = 55 MPN/100 ml | E. coli | [10] |
Urban Areas of Peshawar District | TCB < 1.1 to 16 in MPN/100 mL. TPC < 1.2 to 220 MPN/100 mL | V. cholera, Salmonella, Shigella, and S. aureus | [30] |
(Saddar, Tehkal and Warsak Road) | Coliform values were >80 MPN/100 mL. showing high %age (99.9%) of coliform | Staphylococcus aureus. E.coli | [31] |
Academic institution of Abbottabad | TBC: 10 to 58,000 CFU/mL. total coliform 0 > 2400 per 100 mL | Citrobacter, sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella choleraesius | [32] |
Medical college Hostel | Total coliform count = 25 MPN/100 mL | E. coli | [10] |
Rural and Urban areas of Abbottabad | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella and H. pylori Enterobacter, clostridium | [33,34] | |
Jutial Water supply | Total coliform = 25 MPN/100 mL | E. coli | [10] |
Gilgit District | Minimum = 0 MPN/100 mL Maximum = Too numerous to count (56 water purification plants) | E. coli | [35] |
2 Nallahs and 8 spring of Gilgit District | Minimum fecal coliform colonies = 10 cfu/100 mL Maximum = too numerous to count | [36] | |
Danyore Nallah Gilgit District | total bacterial count was in a range of 11 CFU/100 mL to 83 CFU/100 mL | E.coli, Enterococci | [37] |
Barmas Water Supply Gilgit | Total coliform count => 1600 MPN/100 mL | E. coli | [10] |
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Zeb, H.; Yaqub, A.; Ajab, H.; Zeb, I.; Khan, I. Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan. Water 2023, 15, 2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152693
Zeb H, Yaqub A, Ajab H, Zeb I, Khan I. Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan. Water. 2023; 15(15):2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152693
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeb, Hira, Asim Yaqub, Huma Ajab, Iftikhar Zeb, and Imran Khan. 2023. "Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan" Water 15, no. 15: 2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152693
APA StyleZeb, H., Yaqub, A., Ajab, H., Zeb, I., & Khan, I. (2023). Effect of Climate Change and Human Activities on Surface and Ground Water Quality in Major Cities of Pakistan. Water, 15(15), 2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15152693