Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI) in and around Dhaka City Using Groundwater Quality Parameters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. WQI Calculation
2.4.1. Calculation of Unit Weight
2.4.2. Calculation of Quality Rating
2.4.3. Formula of WQI
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Groundwater Quality Parameters
3.2. Unit Weight of Water Quality Parameters
3.3. WQI of Groundwater Samples
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
COD | Chemical Oxygen Demand |
DO | Dissolved Oxygen |
ECR | Environment Conservation Rules |
mg/L | Milligram per liter |
TDS | Total Dissolved Solids |
TS | Total Solids |
TSS | Total Suspended Solids |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WQI | Water Quality Index |
Appendix A
Sample No. | Parameters | Observed Values, Vn | Standard Values, Sn | Recommended Agency | Ideal Value, Vid | Unit Weight, Wn | Quality Rating, qn = (Vn − Vid)/(Sn − Vid) × 100 | Wnqn | ∑Wnqn | WQI = ∑Wn qn /∑Wn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | pH | 6.8 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 13.333333 | 0.076383 | 0.164 | 0.164 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.2 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 3.333333 | 0.027052 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 2 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.198020 | 0.000010 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.1 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.010000 | 0.000000 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
4 | pH | 6.9 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 6.666667 | 0.038192 | 0.109 | 0.109 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.1 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 2.500000 | 0.030434 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 4 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.396040 | 0.000019 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.3 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.030000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
5 | pH | 6.7 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 20.000000 | 0.114575 | 0.216 | 0.216 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 4 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.396040 | 0.000019 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.2 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.020000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
6 | pH | 6.6 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 26.666667 | 0.152766 | 0.241 | 0.241 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.2 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 3.333333 | 0.027052 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 3 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.297030 | 0.000014 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.2 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.020000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
7 | pH | 6.5 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 33.333333 | 0.190958 | 0.292 | 0.292 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 4 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.396040 | 0.000019 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.2 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.020000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
8 | pH | 6.7 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 20.000000 | 0.114575 | 0.216 | 0.216 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 4 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.396040 | 0.000019 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.2 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.020000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
9 | pH | 6.7 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 20.000000 | 0.114575 | 0.219 | 0.219 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.1 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 1.666667 | 0.013526 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.3 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 7.500000 | 0.091302 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 3 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.297030 | 0.000014 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.3 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.030000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
10 | pH | 6.4 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 40.000000 | 0.229149 | 0.303 | 0.303 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.1 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 1.666667 | 0.013526 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 1 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.099010 | 0.000005 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.1 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.010000 | 0.000000 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
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Sample No. | Location | Collection Date | Collection Time |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Khalpar, Sector 12, Uttara, Dhaka | 19 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
2. | Chandhona, Gazipur | 19 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
3. | Abdulapur, Uttara | 19 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
4. | Sector 11, Road 12, Uttara | 20 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
5. | Sector 4, Road 5, Uttara | 20 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
6. | Fulbaria, Uttara | 20 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
7. | Sector 11, Road 19, Uttara | 20 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
8. | Sector 7, Crescent hospital, Uttara | 21 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
9. | Sector 10, Road 11, Uttara | 21 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
10. | Sector 10, Road 20, Uttara | 21 October 2020 | 9.00 AM–2.00 PM |
SL. No. | Parameter | Standard Values, Sn | Recommended Agency for Sn | 1/Sn | Constant of Proportionality, k = 1/(∑1/Sn) | Unit Weight, Wn = k/Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | pH | 6.5–8.5 | ECR [22] | 0.11765 | 0.04869 | 0.00573 |
2 | DO (mg/L) | 6 | ECR [22] | 0.16667 | 0.04869 | 0.00812 |
3 | COD (mg/L) | 4 | ECR [22] | 0.25000 | 0.04869 | 0.01217 |
4 | TS (mg/L) | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0.00099 | 0.04869 | 0.00005 |
5 | TDS (mg/L) | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0.00100 | 0.04869 | 0.00005 |
6 | Arsenic (mg/L) | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 20.00000 | 0.04869 | 0.97389 |
∑1/Sn = 20.5363 | ∑Wn= 1.00000 |
Sample No. | Parameters | Observed Values, Vn | Standard Values, Sn | Recommended Agency | Ideal Value, Vid | Unit Weight, Wn | Quality Rating, qn = (Vn − Vid)/(Sn − Vid) × 100 | Wnqn | ∑Wnqn | WQI = ∑Wn qn /∑Wn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | pH | 6.9 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 6.666667 | 0.038192 | 0.140 | 0.140 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.2 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 5.000000 | 0.060868 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 3 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.297030 | 0.000014 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.2 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.020000 | 0.000001 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 | |||
2 | pH | 6.8 | 8.5 | ECR [22] | 7 | 0.005729 | 13.333333 | 0.076383 | 0.208 | 0.208 |
DO (mg/L) | 0.3 | 6 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.008116 | 5.000000 | 0.040579 | |||
COD (mg/L) | 0.3 | 4 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.012174 | 7.500000 | 0.091302 | |||
TS (mg/L) | 2 | 1010 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000048 | 0.198020 | 0.000010 | |||
TDS (mg/L) | 0.1 | 1000 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.000049 | 0.010000 | 0.000000 | |||
Arsenic (mg/L) | 0 | 0.05 | ECR [22] | 0 | 0.973885 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
Sample No. | Sampling Location | WQI |
---|---|---|
1 | Khalpar, Adjacent to Sector 12, Uttara, Dhaka | 0.140 |
2 | Chandhona, Gazipur | 0.208 |
3 | Abdulapur, Uttara | 0.164 |
4 | Sector 11, Road 12, Uttara | 0.109 |
5 | Sector 4, Road 5, Uttara | 0.216 |
6 | Fulbaria, Uttara | 0.241 |
7 | Sector 11, Road 19, Uttara | 0.292 |
8 | Sector 7, Crescent Hospital, Uttara | 0.216 |
9 | Sector 10, Road 11, Uttara | 0.219 |
10 | Sector 10, Road 20, Uttara | 0.303 |
Average | 0.211 |
SL. No. | WQI | Status | Possible Usages | Representing Samples (This Study) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0–25 | Excellent | Drinking, Irrigation and Industrial | S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10 |
2 | 26–50 | Good | Domestic, Irrigation and Industrial | Nil |
3 | 51–75 | Fair | Irrigation and Industrial | Nil |
4 | 76–100 | Poor | Irrigation | Nil |
5 | 101–150 | Very Poor | Restricted use for Irrigation | Nil |
6 | Above 150 | Unfit for Drinking | Proper treatment required before use | Nil |
Sample No. | Sampling Location | WQI |
---|---|---|
1 | PG Hospital “C” Water Pump | 92.075 |
2 | Circuit House “C” Water Pump | 36.176 |
3 | Bijoynagar “C” Water Pump | 84.189 |
4 | Shegunbagicha “A” Water Pump | 15.733 |
5 | New Eskaton (Old Passport Office) “A” Water Pump | 23.323 |
6 | Dhaka Medical Water Pump | 18.651 |
7 | Rajarbag Old-1 “A” Water Pump | 27.107 |
8 | Fakirapul “A” Water Pump | 22.369 |
9 | Mogbazar Wireless “C” Water Pump | 88.383 |
10 | AGB Colony (SOC) Water Pump | 86.514 |
11 | MogbazarDilu Road “C” Water Pump | 14.808 |
12 | Kakrail Water Pump | 43.715 |
13 | Siddheswari Girls’ School Water Pump | 38.953 |
14 | Vigarunnisa Water Pump | 41.323 |
15 | Khilgaon-2 Water Pump | 32.675 |
16 | Khilgaon-3 Water Pump | 24.293 |
17 | Polwel Water Pump | 60.404 |
18 | Shahjahanpur Water Pump | 18.919 |
19 | ArambagBalur Math Water Pump | 17.723 |
20 | Nagar Bhaban Water Pump | 19.076 |
21 | High Court Water Pump | 26.903 |
22 | Birdem Water Pump | 26.860 |
Average | 39.099 |
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Ahsan, A.; Ahmed, T.; Uddin, M.A.; Al-Sulttani, A.O.; Shafiquzzaman, M.; Islam, M.R.; Ahmed, M.S.; Alamin; Mohadesh, M.; Haque, M.N.; et al. Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI) in and around Dhaka City Using Groundwater Quality Parameters. Water 2023, 15, 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142666
Ahsan A, Ahmed T, Uddin MA, Al-Sulttani AO, Shafiquzzaman M, Islam MR, Ahmed MS, Alamin, Mohadesh M, Haque MN, et al. Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI) in and around Dhaka City Using Groundwater Quality Parameters. Water. 2023; 15(14):2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142666
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhsan, Amimul, Tahmeed Ahmed, M. Alhaz Uddin, Ali O. Al-Sulttani, M. Shafiquzzaman, M. Rashedul Islam, M. Sabbir Ahmed, Alamin, M. Mohadesh, M. Nazmul Haque, and et al. 2023. "Evaluation of Water Quality Index (WQI) in and around Dhaka City Using Groundwater Quality Parameters" Water 15, no. 14: 2666. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142666