Effect of Soil Texture on Water and Salt Transport in Freeze—Thaw Soil in the Shallow Groundwater Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Conditions
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.3. Grey Relation Analysis
2.4. Pearson Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Freeze–Thaw Processes of Different Textured Soils
3.2. Characteristics of Water Transport in Different Textured Soils
3.3. Characteristics of Ion Content Variation in Different Textured Soils
3.3.1. Correlation Analysis between Soil Salt Content and Ions
3.3.2. Characteristics of Ca2+ Content Variation
3.3.3. Characteristics of Na+ Content Variation
3.3.4. Characteristics of Cl− Content Variation
3.3.5. Characteristics of SO42− Content Variation
3.3.6. Characteristics of HCO3− Content Variation
3.4. Characteristics of Soil Salt Content Variation
4. Discussion
4.1. Correlation Analysis between Soil Water and Salt
4.2. Effect of Freeze–Thaw Process on Water and Salt Transport in Different Textured Soils
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Texture | Mass Percentage of Different Textured Soils (%) | Maximum Capillary Height (cm) | Specific Yield (m3/m3) | Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay | Silt | Sand | ||||
Sandy Loam | 16.4 | 27.5 | 56.1 | 185 | 0.08 | 1.45 |
Loamy Sand | 7.3 | 7.5 | 85.2 | 77 | 0.18 | 1.55 |
Sandy Soil | 4.1 | 5.9 | 90 | 60 | 0.21 | 1.59 |
Soil Freezing and Thawing Stage | Soil Texture | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sandy Loam | Loamy Sand | Sandy Soil | |
Unstable Freezing Stage | From 18 November to 5 December 2020 | From 18 November to 3 December 2020 | From 18 November to 3 December 2020 |
Stable Freezing Stage | From 6 December 2020 to 12 January 2021 | From 4 December 2020 to 9 January 2021 | From 4 December 2020 to 10 January 2021 |
Thawing Stage | From 13 January to 13 February 2021 | From 10 January to 14 February 2021 | From 11 January to 15 February 2021 |
Ionic Species | Soil Salt Content | Na+ | Ca2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Salt Content | 1 | |||||
Na+ | 0.9 | 1 | ||||
Ca2+ | 0.817 | 0.694 | 1 | |||
Cl− | 0.73 | 0.749 | 0.749 | 1 | ||
SO42− | 0.806 | 0.798 | 0.833 | 0.847 | 1 | |
HCO3− | 0.909 | 0.772 | 0.82 | 0.442 | 0.516 | 1 |
Ionic Species | Soil Salt Content | Na+ | Ca2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Salt Content | 1 | |||||
Na+ | 0.99 | 1 | ||||
Ca2+ | 0.694 | 0.591 | 1 | |||
Cl− | 0.531 | 0.477 | 0.729 | 1 | ||
SO42− | 0.873 | 0.872 | 0.616 | 0.49 | 1 | |
HCO3− | 0.995 | 0.986 | 0.712 | 0.484 | 0.823 | 1 |
Ionic Species | Soil Salt Content | Na+ | Ca2+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Salt Content | 1 | |||||
Na+ | 0.99 | 1 | ||||
Ca2+ | 0.608 | 0.493 | 1 | |||
Cl− | 0.719 | 0.692 | 0.644 | 1 | ||
SO42− | 0.874 | 0.884 | 0.752 | 0.659 | 1 | |
HCO3− | 0.989 | 0.988 | 0.536 | 0.651 | 0.593 | 1 |
Depth (cm) | Soil Water Content (%) | Soil Salt Content (g·(100 g)−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy Loam | Loamy Sand | Sandy Soil | Sandy Loam | Loamy Sand | Sandy Soil | |
0 | 0.004 | 0.020 | 0.094 | 0.184 | 0.242 | 0.063 |
5 | 0.119 | 0.143 | 0.199 | 0.182 | 0.100 | 0.026 |
10 | 0.058 | 0.083 | 0.173 | 0.146 | 0.088 | −0.019 |
20 | 0.006 | 0.086 | 0.120 | 0.122 | 0.009 | −0.021 |
30 | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.058 | 0.195 | 0.050 | 0.154 |
40 | 0.048 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.198 | 0.124 | 0.181 |
50 | −0.016 | 0.010 | 0.004 | 0.330 | 0.057 | 0.128 |
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Wang, E.; Chen, J.; Liu, L.; Cui, L.; Xue, J.; Ren, J.; Du, Q. Effect of Soil Texture on Water and Salt Transport in Freeze—Thaw Soil in the Shallow Groundwater Area. Water 2023, 15, 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142587
Wang E, Chen J, Liu L, Cui L, Xue J, Ren J, Du Q. Effect of Soil Texture on Water and Salt Transport in Freeze—Thaw Soil in the Shallow Groundwater Area. Water. 2023; 15(14):2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142587
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Erqing, Junfeng Chen, Lei Liu, Lihong Cui, Jing Xue, Jiameng Ren, and Qi Du. 2023. "Effect of Soil Texture on Water and Salt Transport in Freeze—Thaw Soil in the Shallow Groundwater Area" Water 15, no. 14: 2587. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142587