Sediment Source Fingerprinting and Its Control Strategies of the Lakes in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Laboratory Analysis
2.2.1. Sampling
2.2.2. Laboratory Analysis
2.2.3. Acquisition and Processing of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Images
2.3. Sediment Fingerprinting Analysis
2.3.1. Selection of the Optimum Composite Fingerprints
2.3.2. Multivariate Mixed Model of Compound Fingerprint Recognition Technology
2.3.3. Reliability Test of Sediment Source Discrimination
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Identification and Screening of Fingerprint Factors of Lake Sediment Sources
3.2. The Best Combination of Fingerprint Factors for Lake Sediment Sources
3.3. Sediment Contribution and Reliability of Lake Sediment Sources
3.4. Measures and Countermeasures for Alleviating Sedimentation in Jiuzhaigou Lakes
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Arrow Bamboo Lake | Rhino Lake | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Latent Fingerprint Factor | H-Value | p-Value | H-Value | p-Value |
TP | 1.159 | 0.560 | 4.593 | 0.101 |
Water Content | 1.734 | 0.420 | 4.543 | 0.103 |
pH | 0.189 | 0.910 | 6.055 | 0.048 * |
Salt Content | 0.052 | 0.974 | 2.072 | 0.355 |
C% | 1.922 | 0.382 | 6.802 | 0.033 * |
N% | 0.228 | 0.892 | 4.692 | 0.096 |
Clay% | 0.193 | 0.908 | 4.308 | 0.116 |
Silt% | 1.699 | 0.428 | 6.352 | 0.042 * |
Sand% | 1.42 | 0.491 | 4.945 | 0.084 |
Ti | 0.735 | 0.692 | 4.308 | 0.116 |
Cr | 4.412 | 0.110 | 4.857 | 0.088 |
Co | 0.934 | 0.627 | 4.692 | 0.096 |
Ni | 2.369 | 0.306 | 5.736 | 0.057 |
Cu | 0.171 | 0.918 | 6.407 | 0.041 * |
Zn | 2.946 | 0.229 | 6.879 | 0.032 * |
Sr | 2.929 | 0.231 | 6.879 | 0.032 * |
Cd | 10.816 | 0.004 * | 4.209 | 0.122 |
Sn | 8.722 | 0.013 * | 4.308 | 0.116 |
Sb | 7.729 | 0.021 * | 2.945 | 0.229 |
Pb | 0.735 | 0.692 | 5.231 | 0.073 |
Na | 8.782 | 0.012 * | 9.692 | 0.008 * |
K | 11.016 | 0.004 * | 9.692 | 0.008 * |
Mg | 3.400 | 0.183 | 9.308 | 0.010 * |
Ca | 2.059 | 0.357 | 9.308 | 0.010 * |
Al | 8.647 | 0.013 * | 9.692 | 0.008 * |
Mn | 2.147 | 0.342 | 5.967 | 0.051 |
Fe | 8.647 | 0.013 * | 9.308 | 0.010 * |
Lake | Step | Fingerprints | Single Factor Discrimination Accuracy | Wilk’s Lambda | Cumulative Discrimination Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arrow Bamboo Lake | 1 | Cd | 62.5% | 0.603 | 62.5% |
2 | K | 81.3% | 0.176 | 88.9% | |
Rhino Lake | 1 | K | 64.6% | 0.011 | 64.6% |
2 | Al | 71.3% | 0.016 | 75.9% | |
3 | Fe | 59.4% | 0.012 | 92.3% | |
4 | Na | 67.2% | 0.002 | 100% |
Lake | Index | Sediment source | Predicted Group Membership | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest | Road | ||||
Arrow Bamboo Lake | Count | Forest | 4 | 0 | 4 |
Road | 1 | 4 | 5 | ||
Discrimination accuracy (%) | Forest | 100% | 0 | 100% | |
Road | 20% | 80% | 100% | ||
Rhino Lake | Count | Forest | 6 | 0 | 6 |
Road | 0 | 6 | 6 | ||
Discrimination accuracy (%) | Forest | 100% | 0 | 100% | |
Road | 0 | 100% | 100% |
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Shen, X.; Li, R.; Du, J.; Jiang, X.; Qiu, G. Sediment Source Fingerprinting and Its Control Strategies of the Lakes in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site. Water 2022, 14, 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233954
Shen X, Li R, Du J, Jiang X, Qiu G. Sediment Source Fingerprinting and Its Control Strategies of the Lakes in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site. Water. 2022; 14(23):3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233954
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Xiaoxue, Ruili Li, Jie Du, Xianchenghao Jiang, and Guoyu Qiu. 2022. "Sediment Source Fingerprinting and Its Control Strategies of the Lakes in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site" Water 14, no. 23: 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233954
APA StyleShen, X., Li, R., Du, J., Jiang, X., & Qiu, G. (2022). Sediment Source Fingerprinting and Its Control Strategies of the Lakes in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site. Water, 14(23), 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14233954