Dams Pose a Critical Threat to Rivers in Brazil’s Cerrado Hotspot
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- UHE_op =
- number of operational UHEs,
- PCH_op =
- number of operational PCHs,
- UHE_pl =
- number of planned UHEs,
- PCH_pl =
- number of planned UHEs,
- WR_pct =
- Weight corresponding to the percentage of remaining Cerrado in the watersheds: 1.0 (if 0–20%), 1.5 (if 21–40%), 2.0 (if 41–60%), 2.5 (if 61–80%), or 3.0 (if 81–100%).
3. Results
3.1. Proximity of Dams to Cerrado Priority Conservation Areas
3.2. Influence of UHEs and PCHs on Remaining Native Vegetation
3.3. Environmental Saturation Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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River | Planned | Operational | Hydrographic Region (ANA) |
---|---|---|---|
Tocantins | 4 | 6 | Tocantins-Araguaia |
Grande | 0 | 6 | Paraná |
Araguari | 0 | 3 | Paraná |
Corumbá | 0 | 2 | Paraná |
Pará | - | 2 | Paraná |
Verde | 3 | 2 | Paraná |
Parnaíba | 7 | 1 | Parnaíba |
São Francisco | 3 | 1 | São Francisco |
das Mortes | 5 | - | Tocantins-Araguaia |
Sucuriú | 4 | - | Paraná |
Priority Class | PCHs | UHEs | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Operational | Planned | Operational | Planned | |
Extremely high | 17 | 106 | 6 | 28 |
Very high | 3 | 64 | 6 | 17 |
High | 2 | 27 | 10 | 10 |
River Basin | DSI | UHEs | PCHs | Native Vegetation (%) | Watershed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Operational | Planned | Operational | Planned | ||||
Juruena | Very High | 0 | 10 | 5 | 24 | 68.74 | Amazonas |
Low Paranaíba | Very High | 3 | 6 | 1 | 30 | 21.24 | Paraná |
São Lourenço | Very High | 3 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 49.35 | Paraná |
Maranhão/Tocantins | High | 3 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 70.66 | Tocantins |
Corumbá | High | 2 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 32.17 | Paraná |
Paranã | High | 0 | 6 | 3 | 11 | 64.08 | Paraná |
das Velhas | High | 1 | 4 | 1 | 15 | 42.44 | São Francisco |
São João | High | 3 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 23.15 | Paraná |
High Tocantins | High | 2 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 59.81 | Tocantins |
Land Use | 2000 | 2020 | Gain/Loss | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UHE | PCH | UHE | PCH | UHE | PCH | |
Agriculture | 76.50 | 155.95 | 186.25 | 267.62 | 109.75 | 111.67 |
Urban Area | 52.14 | 19.46 | 59.14 | 25.30 | 7.00 | 5.85 |
Others | 22.47 | 5.61 | 37.65 | 9.87 | 15.17 | 4.26 |
Pasture | 1195.66 | 727.49 | 1041.64 | 724.23 | −154.01 | −3.27 |
Native Cerrado | 1235.10 | 1531.66 | 1060.29 | 1349.82 | −174.81 | −181.84 |
Water | 310.45 | 30.24 | 506.85 | 93.57 | 196.41 | 63.33 |
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Ferreira, M.E.; Nogueira, S.H.d.M.; Latrubesse, E.M.; Macedo, M.N.; Callisto, M.; Bezerra Neto, J.F.; Fernandes, G.W. Dams Pose a Critical Threat to Rivers in Brazil’s Cerrado Hotspot. Water 2022, 14, 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223762
Ferreira ME, Nogueira SHdM, Latrubesse EM, Macedo MN, Callisto M, Bezerra Neto JF, Fernandes GW. Dams Pose a Critical Threat to Rivers in Brazil’s Cerrado Hotspot. Water. 2022; 14(22):3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223762
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Manuel Eduardo, Sérgio Henrique de Moura Nogueira, Edgardo Manuel Latrubesse, Marcia Nunes Macedo, Marcos Callisto, José Fernandes Bezerra Neto, and Geraldo Wilson Fernandes. 2022. "Dams Pose a Critical Threat to Rivers in Brazil’s Cerrado Hotspot" Water 14, no. 22: 3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14223762