Close Association between Stream Water Quality and Fluorescence Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Agriculture-Dominated Watersheds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Sites
2.2. Flow Rate and Water Quality Measurements
2.3. Absorbance and Fluorescence Measurements—Fluorescence Spectroscopy and UV Absorbance Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Land Use/Cover Similarity and Site Clustering
3.2. Comparison of Water Quality for Different Tributaries
3.3. Comparison of Fluorescence and Spectroscopic Indices for Different Tributaries
3.4. Understanding of Pollutants Source using Fluorescence and Spectroschpic Characteristics
3.5. Correlation Analysis between Water Quality Parameters and Spectroscopic Indices for Different Groups According to Land Use and Farming Season
3.6. Principal Component Analysis Results of the Two Clusters
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The stream (T1) where both FI and HIX were high, unlike general streams, was identified, and its EEM fluorescence patterns were analyzed. The fluorescence pattern of T1 was similar to that of the swine manure wastewater treatment plant. The method used in this study can be used in other watersheds to explore the effects of streams polluted by livestock effluent.
- (2)
- On land when using clustering analysis, the Miho upstream watershed was largely divided into watersheds (C1) with much livestock and many agricultural activities and other watersheds (C2). Furthermore, water quality data analysis by the agricultural activity period in each cluster revealed that most water pollution indices were high in areas where livestock farms were located, and the proportion of agricultural area was high.
- (3)
- Analysis of the correlations between fluorescence characteristics and general water quality parameters according to land use clustering revealed that the cluster with a large proportion of agricultural area showed high correlations of fluorescence characteristics and organic matter indices with nitrate ions. This suggests that the degree of nitrogenous and organic matter pollution can be determined using the fluorescence characteristics of watersheds with a large agricultural area proportion (over 40%, in this study). Therefore, it is possible to monitor water quality in various watersheds using clustering and correlation analysis.
- (4)
- The PCA results for C1 and C2 showed that C1 was greatly affected by pollutants due to livestock farming and agricultural activities (the first component). The PCA results for C2 showed that there was less influence of anthropogenic sources than in C1. In addition, the first component of C1, FI and HIX occupied a high weight which confirms that the influence of FDOM was greater in watersheds with a great deal of livestock farming and agricultural activities.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Cows | Dairy Cows | Pigs |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 1807 (384 heads/km2) | - | 14,282 (3039 heads/km2) |
T2 | 1857 (95 heads/km2) | - | - |
T3 | 2507 (74 heads/km2) | 61 (2 heads/km2) | 8184 (241 heads/km2) |
T4 | 875 (38 heads/km2) | 421 (18 heads/km2) | 5468 (240 heads/km2) |
T5 | 780 (26 heads/km2) | 54 (2 heads/km2) | 1550 (52 heads/km2) |
T6 | 1059 (74 heads/km2) | 460 (32 heads/km2) | 6596 (461 heads/km2) |
Total | 19,635 (69 heads/km2) | 2838 (10 heads/km2) | 121,171 (425 heads/km2) |
Site | Urban Area (%) | Agricultural Area (%) | Forest Area (%) | Pasture Area (%) | Barren Area (%) | Water Bodies Area (%) | Watershed Area (km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 28.14 | 44.90 | 4.46 | 16.26 | 4.92 | 1.32 | 4.7 |
T2 | 23.53 | 41 | 11.38 | 16.73 | 5.22 | 2.15 | 19.6 |
T3 | 22.67 | 30.37 | 23.65 | 16.81 | 3.53 | 2.97 | 34.0 |
T4 | 26.85 | 25.22 | 28.50 | 12.69 | 3.22 | 3.52 | 22.8 |
T5 | 14.95 | 18.86 | 49.94 | 10.34 | 2.77 | 3.15 | 29.6 |
T6 | 18.83 | 30.84 | 32.37 | 12.58 | 4.26 | 1.12 | 14.3 |
Total | 14.11 | 34.91 | 25.79 | 16.94 | 5.33 | 2.92 | 285.3 |
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Jeon, P.; Cho, S.; Hur, J.; Mun, H.; Chae, M.; Cho, Y.; Seok, K.; Hong, S. Close Association between Stream Water Quality and Fluorescence Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Agriculture-Dominated Watersheds. Water 2022, 14, 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162459
Jeon P, Cho S, Hur J, Mun H, Chae M, Cho Y, Seok K, Hong S. Close Association between Stream Water Quality and Fluorescence Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Agriculture-Dominated Watersheds. Water. 2022; 14(16):2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162459
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Pilyong, Sohyun Cho, Jin Hur, Hyunsaing Mun, Minhee Chae, Yoonhae Cho, Kwangseol Seok, and Seonhwa Hong. 2022. "Close Association between Stream Water Quality and Fluorescence Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Agriculture-Dominated Watersheds" Water 14, no. 16: 2459. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162459