Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Brief Introduction to MODFLOW
2.2.1. Governing Equation
2.2.2. Mesh Generation
2.2.3. Boundary Generalization
2.2.4. Rainfall Infiltration
2.2.5. Phreatic Evaporation
2.3. Model Calibration and Validation
2.4. Scenario Description
2.5. Crop Drought and Waterlogging Indicators
2.5.1. Frequency of Drought and Waterlogging Based on SGDC
2.5.2. ACDWI Based on the SGDC
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MODFLOW Evaluation
3.2. Analysis of Ditches’ Water-Depth Scenarios
3.2.1. Analysis of the Suitable Frequency of the Groundwater Table under Different Scenarios
3.2.2. Analysis of the Degree of Drought and Waterlogging Stresses for Scenarios with a High Suitable Groundwater Frequency
3.3. Analysis of the Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Drought and Waterlogging Stresses under a Comprehensive Optimal Scenario
3.3.1. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Drought and Waterlogging
3.3.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Droughts and Waterlogging in Different Hydrological Years
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- MODFLOW is an effective tool for evaluating the effects of open-ditch controlled-drainage programs on regional groundwater conditions that can well reflect the temporal and spatial changes in drought and waterlogging in a given area. Combined with the suitable frequency, drought frequency, waterlogging frequency and cumulative drought and waterlogging intensity of both crops, the drought and waterlogging status in the study area was easily evaluated.
- (2)
- As the elevation in the north of the study area is higher than in the south, the drought was more serious in the north. The frequency of drought near the ditch showed a decreasing trend from north to south. Therefore, more sluices should be built in different locations of the ditch for zoning control in the future.
- (3)
- Drought was the dominating stress factor for cropping in the study area, the lowest level of drought stress was achieved under the scenario with highest water depth for the main drainage ditch. This was observed for the entire study area independent from the nearest ditch, albeit the local drought stress was lower in the representative field where observation wells were near to the main ditch than the representative field where observation wells were far from the ditches.
- (4)
- According to the spatiotemporal variation trend of ACDWI in the scenario with highest water depth, the degree of drought and waterlogging stress decreased with increasing precipitation. It also indicated that drought was the dominating stress factor for cropping in the study area, and it was important to store water during the dry season by closing sluice gates, while it was still necessary to drain excess water on time by opening sluices at storm events during the rainy season.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Layers | Hydraulic Conductivity (m/d) | Specific Yield | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
The Range of Values | The Initial Value | The Range of Values | The Initial Value | |
Layer1 (0–6 m) | 0.05–1.5 | 0.78 | 0.03–0.065 | 0.048 |
Layer2 (6–35 m) | 0.5–9 | 4.75 | 0.07–0.16 | 0.115 |
Drainage Ditches’ Water Depth (Above the Bottom of the Ditch) in Dry Season in m (from October to May of the Following Year) | Drainage Ditches’ Water Depth (Above the Bottom of the Ditch) in Wet Season in m (from June to September) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Scenario No. | |||||
1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
3 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
4 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |
Crop Name | Botanical Name | SGDC in m | Sowing Time | Harvesting Time | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | Zea mays | 0.4–1.0 | 5 June | 20 September | Sensitive to excess water |
Wheat | Triticum aestivum | 0.6–1.5 | 1 October | 31 May | Sensitive to temperature |
Layers | Layer 1 (0–6 m) | Layer 2 (6–35 m) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Hydraulic Conductivity(m/d) | Specific Yield | Hydraulic Conductivity (m/d) | Specific Yield |
Northern and Middle Section | 0.5 | 0.05 | 5 | 0.1 |
Southern Section | 0.5 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.1 |
Line | Observation Wells | Distance from Chezhe Ditch/m | Distance from Xihongsi Ditch/m | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
Northern | N2 | 40 | 850 | near the Chezhe ditch |
N4 | 465 | 455 | far from both ditches | |
Middle | M2 | 70 | 2050 | near the Chezhe ditch |
M5 | 700 | 1340 | far from both ditches | |
Southern | S2 | 50 | 2470 | near the Chezhe ditch |
S7 | 1410 | 1125 | far from both ditches |
Section | Crop | |
---|---|---|
Corn | Wheat | |
Northern | Scenarios 15 and 20 | Scenarios 19 and 20 |
Middle | Scenarios 15 and 20 | Scenarios 19 and 20 |
Southern | Scenarios 15 and 20 | Scenarios 14 and 15 |
Crop | Section | 1989–1999 | 2000–2009 | 2010–2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | Northern | 67.3 | 63.2 | 67.2 |
Middle | 77.6 | 74.3 | 77.4 | |
Southern | 108.2 | 104.6 | 107.7 | |
Full area scale | 87.1 | 83.5 | 86.8 | |
Wheat | Northern | 56.2 | 54.2 | 50.7 |
Middle | 70.3 | 69.5 | 64.7 | |
Southern | 137.7 | 136.0 | 126.7 | |
Full area scale | 92.2 | 90.9 | 84.8 | |
Average annual precipitation in mm | 859.6 | 1018.5 | 900.2 |
Crop | Section | 2004 (75%) | 2008 (50%) | 2014 (25%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | Northern | 67.5 | 62.0 | 65.7 |
Middle | 77.7 | 73.8 | 75.8 | |
Southern | 108.4 | 104.0 | 106.1 | |
Full area scale | 87.2 | 82.9 | 85.2 | |
Wheat | Northern | 55.1 | 54.3 | 54.6 |
Middle | 70.1 | 69.3 | 69.6 | |
Southern | 135.7 | 135.9 | 136.5 | |
Full area scale | 91.3 | 90.8 | 91.2 | |
Annual precipitation in mm | 733.8 | 859.6 | 919.9 |
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Tang, R.; Han, X.; Wang, X.; Huang, S.; Yan, Y.; Huang, J.; Shen, T.; Wang, Y.; Liu, J. Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations. Water 2022, 14, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010029
Tang R, Han X, Wang X, Huang S, Yan Y, Huang J, Shen T, Wang Y, Liu J. Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations. Water. 2022; 14(1):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010029
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Rong, Xudong Han, Xiugui Wang, Shuang Huang, Yihui Yan, Jiesheng Huang, Tao Shen, Youzhen Wang, and Jia Liu. 2022. "Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations" Water 14, no. 1: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010029
APA StyleTang, R., Han, X., Wang, X., Huang, S., Yan, Y., Huang, J., Shen, T., Wang, Y., & Liu, J. (2022). Optimized Main Ditch Water Control for Agriculture in Northern Huaihe River Plain, Anhui Province, China, Using MODFLOW Groundwater Table Simulations. Water, 14(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010029