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Water
Volume 13
Issue 24
10.3390/w13243629
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Article

The Estimation of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Erhai Lake Basin and Its Links with DOM Fluorescent Components Using Machine Learning

by
Yuquan Zhao
1,2,
Jian Shen
1,2,3,*,
Jimeng Feng
1,2,3,
Zhitong Sun
4,
Tianyang Sun
2,3,
Decai Liu
2,3,
Mansong Xi
5,
Rui Li
6 and
Xinze Wang
1,2,3,*
1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
2
National Observation and Research Station of Erhai Lake Ecosystem in Yunnan, Dali 671000, China
3
Yunnan Dali Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dali 671000, China
4
Institute of Water Resource Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang 712100, China
5
Dali Erhai Lake Research Institute, Dali 671000, China
6
Yunnan Institute of Water & Hydropower Engineering Investigation, Design and Research, Kunming 650233, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Matthew P. Miller
Water 2021, 13(24), 3629; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243629
Received: 2 November 2021 / Revised: 14 December 2021 / Accepted: 15 December 2021 / Published: 16 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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Abstract

Water quality estimation tools based on real-time monitoring are essential for the effective management of organic pollution in watersheds. This study aims to monitor changes in the levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD, CODMn) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Erhai Lake Basin, exploring their relationships and the ability of DOM to estimate COD and CODMn. Excitation emission matrix–parallel factor analysis (EEM–PARAFAC) of DOM identified protein-like component (C1) and humic-like components (C2, C3, C4). Combined with random forest (RF), maximum fluorescence intensity (Fmax) values of components were selected as estimation parameters to establish models. Results proved that the COD of rivers was more sensitive to the reduction in C1 and C2, while CODMn was more sensitive to C4. The DOM of Erhai Lake thrived by internal sources, and the relationship between COD, CODMn, and DOM of Erhai Lake was more complicated than rivers (inflow rivers of Erhai Lake). Models for rivers achieved good estimations, and by adding dissolved oxygen and water temperature, the estimation ability of COD models for Erhai Lake was significantly improved. This study demonstrates that DOM-based machine learning can be used as an alternative tool for real-time monitoring of organic pollution and deepening the understanding of the relationship between COD, CODMn, and DOM, and provide a scientific basis for water quality management. View Full-Text
Keywords: water quality estimation; machine learning models; random forest; EEM–PARAFAC; DOM; COD; CODMn water quality estimation; machine learning models; random forest; EEM–PARAFAC; DOM; COD; CODMn
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, Y.; Shen, J.; Feng, J.; Sun, Z.; Sun, T.; Liu, D.; Xi, M.; Li, R.; Wang, X. The Estimation of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Erhai Lake Basin and Its Links with DOM Fluorescent Components Using Machine Learning. Water 2021, 13, 3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243629

AMA Style

Zhao Y, Shen J, Feng J, Sun Z, Sun T, Liu D, Xi M, Li R, Wang X. The Estimation of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Erhai Lake Basin and Its Links with DOM Fluorescent Components Using Machine Learning. Water. 2021; 13(24):3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243629

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Yuquan, Jian Shen, Jimeng Feng, Zhitong Sun, Tianyang Sun, Decai Liu, Mansong Xi, Rui Li, and Xinze Wang. 2021. "The Estimation of Chemical Oxygen Demand of Erhai Lake Basin and Its Links with DOM Fluorescent Components Using Machine Learning" Water 13, no. 24: 3629. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243629

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