Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in an Agricultural Region of the North China Plain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods of Suitability Evaluation for Irrigation Purpose
2.3. Methods of Suitability Evaluation for Drinking
2.4. Water Sampling and Measurement
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Main Ions in Groundwater
3.2. Hydrochemical Types of Groundwater
3.3. Suitability Evaluation for Agricultural Irrigation
3.4. Suitability Evaluation for Drinking and Health Risk Assessment
3.4.1. Suitability Evaluation for Drinking
3.4.2. Drinking Water Health Risk Assessment
3.5. Cause of High Fluoride Groundwater Formation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index Range Classification | Index Range Classification | Index Range Classification | Standard Formulas | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
SAR (meq/L) | <10 | Excellent | Richards (1954) | |
10–18 | Good | |||
18–26 | Doubtful | |||
>26 | Unsuitable | |||
%Na (%) | <20 | Excellent | Wilcox (1955) | |
20–40 | Good | |||
40–60 | Permissible | |||
60–80 | Doubtful | |||
>80 | Unsuitable | |||
RSC (meq/L) | <1.25 | Good | Richards (1954) | |
1.25–2.5 | Doubtful | |||
>2.5 | Unsuitable | |||
MH (%) | <50 | Desirable | Szaboles and Darab (1964) | |
>50 | Undesirable | |||
PI (%) | <25 | Unsuitable | Doneen (1964) | |
25–75 | Moderately suitable | |||
>75 | Suitable | |||
EC (us/cm) | <250 | Excellent | Measured by instruments | Wilcon (1955) |
250–750 | Good | |||
750–2250 | Doubtful | |||
>2250 | Unsuitable |
Parameters | WHO Standards (S) | Weight (wi) | Relative Weight (Wi) |
---|---|---|---|
Cl− | 250 (mg/L) | 3 | 0.083 |
SO42− | 200 (mg/L) | 4 | 0.112 |
HCO3− | 150 (mg/L) | 3 | 0.083 |
pH | 6.5–9.2 (mg/L) | 4 | 0.112 |
TDS | 500 (mg/L) | 5 | 0.139 |
EC | 500 (us/cm) | 5 | 0.139 |
Na+ | 200 (mg/L) | 2 | 0.055 |
K+ | 10 (mg/L) | 2 | 0.055 |
Mg2+ | 30 (mg/L) | 2 | 0.055 |
Ca2+ | 75 (mg/L) | 2 | 0.055 |
TH | 100 (mg/L) | 4 | 0.112 |
Total weight | 36 | 1 |
GQI | Type of Water |
---|---|
<50 | Excellent |
50–100 | Good |
100–200 | Poor |
200–300 | Very poor |
>300 | Water unsuitable for drinking |
Parameter | Shallow Groundwater | Deep Groundwater | Standard Values | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV | GB | WG | |
pH | 7.31 | 8.50 | 7.85 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 8.20 | 9.15 | 8.60 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 6.5–8.5 | 6.5–8.5 |
EC (µs/cm) | 3.56 | 3717.10 | 1709.77 | 730.56 | 0.43 | 1.59 | 1556.0 | 698.95 | 269.50 | 0.39 | 1500 | |
Total hardness (mg/L) | 18.73 | 1482.85 | 673.82 | 351.95 | 0.52 | 10.12 | 82.96 | 24.81 | 14.67 | 0.59 | 450 | 500 |
Total alkalinity (mg/L) | 268.76 | 712.1 | 494.2 | 120.83 | 0.24 | 185.19 | 418.35 | 286.67 | 51.08 | 0.18 | ||
CODMn (mg/L) | 0.66 | 5.58 | 1.74 | 1.09 | 0.63 | 0.37 | 1.66 | 0.67 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 3 | |
Soluble silica (mg/L) | 3.60 | 21.20 | 13.24 | 4.69 | 0.35 | 9.80 | 15.90 | 12.67 | 1.13 | 0.09 | ||
Carbon dioxide (mg/L) | 0.00 | 85.40 | 38.64 | 27.52 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 6.08 | ||
K+ (mg/L) | 0.30 | 31.40 | 2.49 | 6.51 | 2.61 | 0.20 | 29.10 | 1.22 | 4.59 | 3.76 | 12 | |
Na+ (mg/L) | 44.80 | 569.70 | 240.88 | 134.48 | 0.56 | 40.58 | 314.60 | 160.48 | 49.62 | 0.31 | 200 | 200 |
Ca2+ (mg/L) | 4.70 | 331.20 | 122.91 | 81.78 | 0.67 | 2.90 | 327.10 | 14.44 | 51.49 | 3.57 | 200 | |
Mg2+ (mg/L) | 1.70 | 175.60 | 89.14 | 40.69 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 9.60 | 2.62 | 2.07 | 0.79 | 150 | |
Cl− (mg/L) | 55.30 | 550.50 | 220.30 | 132.42 | 0.60 | 13.80 | 231.10 | 53.83 | 48.62 | 0.90 | 250 | 250 |
SO42− (mg/L) | 16.00 | 1037.36 | 344.71 | 307.02 | 0.89 | 0.35 | 50.07 | 26.43 | 12.09 | 0.46 | 250 | 250 |
CO32− (mg/L) | 0.00 | 12.00 | 1.57 | 3.16 | 2.01 | 0.00 | 31.20 | 7.59 | 5.48 | 0.72 | ||
HCO3− (mg/L) | 315.50 | 868.30 | 599.39 | 147.50 | 0.25 | 213.60 | 491.80 | 334.09 | 62.24 | 0.19 | 500 | |
F− (mg/L) | 0.35 | 2.15 | 1.02 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 4.21 | 2.23 | 1.20 | 0.54 | 1 | 1.5 |
I− (mg/L) | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.52 | 0.08 | |
NH4+ (mg/L) | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.12 | 0.07 | 0.60 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.5 | |
NO3− (mg/L) | 0.00 | 126.80 | 18.16 | 31.83 | 1.75 | 0.00 | 7.63 | 0.62 | 1.67 | 2.69 | 20 | 50 |
NO2− (mg/L) | 0.00 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.68 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 2.64 | 1 | 3 |
PO43− (mg/L) | 0.02 | 0.57 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 1.50 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.51 | 30 | |
Fe (mg/L) | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.91 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 0.3 | |
Mn (mg/L) | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 1.87 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.39 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Statistics | F− | I− | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQc | HQd | HQ | HQc | HQd | HQ | |
Children | ||||||
Min | 0.22 | 0.00037 | 0.22 | 0.000031 | 0.018 | 0.018 |
Max | 3.1 | 0.0054 | 3.1 | 0.0056 | 3.3 | 3.3 |
Mean | 1.7 | 0.0029 | 1.7 | 0.00084 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
Male | ||||||
Min | 0.15 | 0.00028 | 0.15 | 0.000023 | 0.013 | 0.013 |
Max | 2.2 | 0.004 | 2.2 | 0.0042 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
Mean | 1.2 | 0.0021 | 1.2 | 0.00062 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Female | ||||||
Min | 0.17 | 0.00028 | 0.17 | 0.000023 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Max | 2.4 | 0.0041 | 2.4 | 0.0042 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Mean | 1.3 | 0.0022 | 1.3 | 0.00063 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
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Guo, H.; Li, M.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y.; Zang, X.; Zhao, X.; Wang, H.; Zhu, J. Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in an Agricultural Region of the North China Plain. Water 2021, 13, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233426
Guo H, Li M, Wang L, Wang Y, Zang X, Zhao X, Wang H, Zhu J. Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in an Agricultural Region of the North China Plain. Water. 2021; 13(23):3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233426
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Haipeng, Muzi Li, Lu Wang, Yunlong Wang, Xisheng Zang, Xiaobing Zhao, Haigang Wang, and Juyan Zhu. 2021. "Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in an Agricultural Region of the North China Plain" Water 13, no. 23: 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233426