Resilience of Interdependent Water and Power Systems: A Literature Review and Conceptual Modeling Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Reviews
2.1. Institutional Landscape Assessment
- As indicated by the breakdown in topic coverage, nearly two-thirds of the institutions included in the investigation had a work product that revolved around disaster analysis or climate change assessment.
- There is considerable coverage of water-focused research across the external institutions, looking at topics from water resource planning, water reuse, water treatment, water quality, and water in energy resources specifically, each of which appeared in 23–40% of all external institutions identified in the search for water and energy projects and reports.
- The U.S. EPA was found to have a substantial amount of research broken out among different programs, such as human health and climate change [14] and water and climate change [15]. They were also one of the few institutions found to have research more evenly balanced between energy- and water-related topics.
- National laboratories, although consistently conducting more quantitative-based research, typically focus on the topic from an energy perspective as opposed to a water perspective compared to other institutions.
- There does not appear to be a significant amount of research by national labs or external institutions in recent years on the topics of water recovery, desalination, multi-jurisdictional analyses, or regulatory policy and assessment.
- Although there is decent coverage of water or energy topics overall, fewer institutions study them jointly or evenly. This finding appears to be especially true regarding qualitative research, indicating that there are fewer institutions leading discussions, panels, or promoting policies addressing water–energy interdependencies.
2.2. Literature Review of Resilience Definitions and Metrics
- Absorptive capacity is the ability of the system to absorb the impact of the disruptive event and, hence, minimize the system damage/disruption.
- Restorative capacity is the ability of the system to rapidly recover to normal or satisfactory functionality with minimal effort (e.g., cost, time).
- Adaptive capacity is the ability to learn from disruptive events and modify system operations, configurations, functions, and system planning to enhance future absorptive and/or restorative capacity.
2.3. Modeling Considerations
3. System Interdependencies and Relationships to System Threats and Restoration Strategies
4. Resilience Decision Support Framework for Interdependent WPS
5. Future Trends
5.1. Digitalization
5.2. Integrated Planning
5.3. Governance, Equity, and Resilience
6. Conclusions
- Reviewing the literature from private and public institutions addressing the interconnections between water and energy shows that climate change and disaster analysis are the most common topics covered.
- Institutions that had reports or initiatives focused on climate change and disaster analysis were found to focus predominantly on the topic of planning, rather than operations. This focus ranged from water supply planning to infrastructure planning, in addition to risk evaluation. The institutional landscape assessment also revealed that research gaps remain in regulatory policy and water recovery practices and on promoting research that jointly addresses water–energy interdependencies.
- From a WPS interdependency perspective, no standard definition or metrics for resilience exist. Therefore, there is a critical need for developing robust assessment metrics that can assess resilience in an interdependent, multisectoral context.
- Existing modeling limitations call for additional research on developing modeling approaches to evaluate resilience strategies for interdependent WPS. Future modeling platforms should allow for integrated multiscale, multiobjective, and multiuser analyses. Stakeholder engagement is also crucial to ensure any modeling addresses the needs of resource decision makers regarding key threat scenarios, their impacts, and effectiveness of restoration strategies.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oikonomou, K.; Mongird, K.; Rice, J.S.; Homer, J.S. Resilience of Interdependent Water and Power Systems: A Literature Review and Conceptual Modeling Framework. Water 2021, 13, 2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202846
Oikonomou K, Mongird K, Rice JS, Homer JS. Resilience of Interdependent Water and Power Systems: A Literature Review and Conceptual Modeling Framework. Water. 2021; 13(20):2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202846
Chicago/Turabian StyleOikonomou, Konstantinos, Kendall Mongird, Jennie S. Rice, and Juliet S. Homer. 2021. "Resilience of Interdependent Water and Power Systems: A Literature Review and Conceptual Modeling Framework" Water 13, no. 20: 2846. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13202846