A Critical Review of Methods for Analyzing Freshwater Eutrophication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Globally Applied Methods for Determining the Eutrophication Status of Waters
3.1. Methods Based on Mathematical Calculations
3.1.1. The Single Factor Index Evaluation (SFIE) Method
3.1.2. Formula Scoring (SCO) Method
3.1.3. The Algal Dominant Species Evaluation Method
3.1.4. The Nemerow Index (NI)
3.1.5. The Trophic Level Index (TLI) Method
3.1.6. The Trophic State Index (TSI) Method: Carlson Index
3.1.7. Stochastic Assessment Method (Empirical Frequency)
3.2. Methods Based on Models
3.2.1. The Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) Method
3.2.2. The Back Propagation (BP) Neural Network
3.2.3. The One-Dimensional Normal Cloud Model (ONCM) Method
3.2.4. The Multidimensional Normal Cloud Model (MNCM) Method
3.3. Methods Based on Spectral Imaging
3.3.1. Remote Sensing
3.3.2. Multiple Equipment
4. Methods Best Suited to Describe the Degree of Eutrophication
4.1. The TLI Method for Lake Eutrophication
4.2. The TSI Method for Reservoir Eutrophication
4.3. The BP Neural Network or the FCE Method for River Eutrophication
4.4. The FCE Method for Freshwater Wetland Eutrophication
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Evaluation Method (Criteria) | Water | Nutrient (N) (mg/L) | Nutrient (P) (mg/L) | Chl-a 9 (μg/L) | Documented Eutrophication | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NI 1 | Lugano Lake, Switzerland | NA 10 | TP 4: 0.140 | NA | Hyper-eutrophic (1960~2001) | [32] |
Viroi Lake, Albania | NH4+: 0.090 NO3−: 0.670 | NA | NA | Eutrophic (2013~2014) | [33] | |
Olympic Forest Park wetland, China | TN 5: 0.300~2.100 | TP: 0.040~0.180 | NA | Light-eutrophic (2016) | [34] | |
TLI 2 | City Park Lake, Louisiana, USA | TN: 0.682 | TP: 0.330 | 35.1 | Eutrophic (2000~2001) | [35] |
Idku Lake, Egypt | NA | PO43−: 0.200~0.430 | 39.9~104.2 | Hyper-eutrophic (2016) | [36] | |
Jinhe River, China | TN: 0.240~8.340 | TP: 0.019~0.490 | 1.6~92.7 | Eutrophic (2007~2011) Hyper-eutrophic (2012~2014) Middle-eutrophic (2015) | [37] | |
Guanshan Wetland, China | TN: 0.520~2.200 | TP: 0.019~1.040 | 1.0~37.0 | Light-eutrophic (2014~2016) | [38] | |
Improved TLI | Chaohu Lake, China | TN: 1.500~2.680 | TP: 0.150~0.230 | 13.2~21.9 | Light-eutrophic (2000~2006) Middle-eutrophic (2007~2017) | [39] |
TSI 3 | Erie Lake, USA | NA | TP: 0.115 | 58.0 | Blue-green algae bloom (1965~1979) Declined quality (1995~2004) | [40,41] |
Lyng Lake, Danish | TN: 2.400 | TP: 0.370 | 73.0 | Hyper-eutrophic (1999) | [42] | |
Ramgarh Lake, India | NA | NA | NA | Hyper-eutrophic (2015) | [43] | |
Bütgenbach Reservoir, Belgium | NH4⁺: 0~0.480 | PO43−: 0~0.110 | 0~39.4 | Hyper-eutrophic (2007) | [44] | |
Ecbatan Reservoir, Egypt | TN: 2.200 | TP: 0.075 | 5.8 | Middle-eutrophic (2018) | [45] | |
Dawangtan Reservoir, China | NH4⁺−N: 0.180~0.710 TN: 0.820~2.760 | TP: 0.020~0.090 | NA | Middle-eutrophic (2019) | [46] | |
TSI | Rietvlei nature reserve wetland, South Africa | TN: 0.358~6.000 | TP: 0.081~0.371 | NA | Middle-eutrophic (2005~2006) | [47] |
Xuanwu Wetland, China | TN: 2.010~2.110 | TP: 0.160~0.310 | NA | Hyper-eutrophic (2011) | [48] | |
FCE 6 | Pamvotis Lake, Northwest Greece | NH4⁺: 0.250 NO3−: 0.560 | NA | NA | Eutrophic (2002) | [49] |
Honghu Lake, China | TN: 1.410 | TP: 0.065 | 2.6~3.7 | Middle-eutrophic (2005~2006) | [50] | |
Berg River, South Africa | TN: 2.170 | TP: 0.700 | NA | Hyper-eutrophic (2007) | [51] | |
BP neural network 7 | Dianshan Lake, China | TN: 1.086 | TP: 0.029 | 3.0 | Light-eutrophic (2011) | [52] |
Gaozhou Reservoir, China | TN: 0.358 | TP: 0.046 | 1.4 | Mesotrophic (2011) | [53] | |
OECD 8 classification | Wastwater | NO3−: 0.352 | TP: 0.003 | 0.8 | Ultra-oligotrophic | [14] |
Ennerdale Water | NO3−: 0.333 | TP: 0.008 | 1.05 | Oligotrophic | [14] | |
Buttermere | NO3−: 0.175 | TP: 0.004 | 1.43 | Oligotrophic | [14] | |
Crummock Water | NO3−: 0.193 | TP: 0.007 | 2.075 | Oligotrophic | [14] | |
Coniston Water | NO3−: 0.365 | TP: 0.008 | 3.585 | Oligotrophic | [14] | |
Derwentwater | NO3−: 0.199 | TP: 0.015 | 3.275 | Mesotrophic | [14] | |
Grasmere | NO3−: 0.253 | TP: 0.016 | 5.655 | Mesotrophic | [14] | |
Loweswater | NO3−: 0.529 | TP: 0.013 | 7.68 | Mesotrophic | [14] | |
Bassenthwaite Lake | NO3−: 0.384 | TP: 0.022 | 6.37 | Mesotrophic | [14] | |
Ullswater | NO3−: 0.254 | TP: 0.012 | 5.44 | Mesotrophic | [14] | |
Blelharn Tarn | NO3−: 0.827 | TP: 0.039 | 18.345 | Eutrophic | [14] | |
Esthwaite Water | NO3−: 0.695 | TP: 0.031 | 22.355 | Eutrophic | [14] |
Method | Parameter | Classification | Reference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCO 1 | CODMn (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | SD (m) | Chl-a (mg/L) | Score | [26] | |||
≤0.15 | ≤0.020 | ≤0.001 | ≥10.0 | ≤0.0005 | ≤10 | Oligotrophic | ||||
>0.15, ≤0.3 | >0.020, ≤0.030 | >0.001, ≤0.0025 | <10.0, ≥8.0 | >0.0005, ≤0.0010 | >10, ≤20 | |||||
>0.3, ≤0.4 | >0.030, ≤0.050 | >0.0025, ≤0.005 | <8.0, ≥5.0 | >0.0010, ≤0.0020 | >20, ≤30 | Mesotrophic | ||||
>0.4, ≤2.0 | >0.050. ≤0.300 | >0.005, ≤0.025 | <5.0, ≥1.5 | >0.0020, ≤0.0040 | >30, ≤40 | Eutrophic | ||||
>2.0, ≤4.0 | >0.050, ≤0.300 | >0.025, ≤0.050 | <1.5, ≥1.0 | >0.0040, ≤0.0100 | >40, ≤50 | Light-eutrophic | ||||
>4.0, ≤8.0 | >0.300, ≤0.800 | >0.025, ≤0.050 | <1.0, ≥0.5 | >0.0100, ≤0.0260 | >50, ≤60 | Mid-eutrophic | ||||
>8.0, ≤18.0 | >0.800, ≤2.000 | >0.050, ≤0.200 | <0.5, ≥0.4 | >0.0260, ≤0.0650 | >60, ≤70 | |||||
>18.0, ≤25.0 | >2.000, ≤6.000 | >0.200, ≤0.600 | <0.4, ≥0.3 | >0.0650, ≤0.1600 | >70, ≤80 | Hyper-eutrophic | ||||
>25.0, ≤40.0 | >6.000, ≤9.000 | >0.600, ≤0.900 | <0.3, ≥0.2 | >0.1600, ≤0.4000 | >80, ≤90 | |||||
>60.0 | >14.000 | >1.300 | <0.12 | >1.0000 | >90, ≤100 | |||||
TLI (Σ) 2 | CODMn (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | SD (m) | Chl-a (mg/L) | TLI | [89] | |||
≤0.15 | ≤0.02 | ≤0.001 | ≥10.0 | ≤0.0005 | ≤30 | Oligotrophic | ||||
>0.15, ≤0.40 | >0.02, ≤0.05 | >0.001, ≤0.004 | <10.0, ≥5.0 | >0.0005, ≤0.0010 | ||||||
>0.40, ≤1.00 | >0.05, ≤0.10 | >0.004, ≤0.010 | <5.0, ≥3.0 | >0.0010, ≤0.0020 | >30, ≤50 | Mesotrophic | ||||
>1.00, ≤2.00 | >0.10, ≤0.30 | >0.010, ≤0.030 | <3.0, ≥1.5 | >0.0020, ≤0.0040 | ||||||
>2.00, ≤4.00 | >0.30, ≤0.50 | >0.030, ≤0.050 | <1.5, ≥1.0 | >0.0040, ≤0.0100 | ||||||
>4.00, ≤8.00 | >0.50, ≤1.00 | >0.050, ≤0.100 | <1.0, ≥0.5 | >0.0100, ≤0.0300 | >50, ≤60 | Light-eutrophic | ||||
>8.00, ≤10.00 | >1.00, ≤2.00 | >0.100, ≤0.200 | <0.5, ≥0.4 | >0.0300, ≤0.0640 | >60, ≤70 | Mid-eutrophic | ||||
>10.00, ≤25.00 | >2.00, ≤6.00 | >0.200, ≤0.600 | <0.4, ≥0.3 | >0.0640, ≤0.1600 | ||||||
>40.00 | >9.00 | >0.900 | <0.2 | >0.4000 | >70 | Hyper-eutrophic | ||||
TSIM 3 | TSIM (TP) | TSIM (SD) | TSIM (Chl-a) | [61] | ||||||
≤2.0 | ≤4.4 | ≤24.6 | Oligotrophic | |||||||
>2.0, ≤11.9 | >4.4, ≤18.2 | >24.6, ≤32.2 | Mesotrophic | |||||||
>11.9, ≤35.1 | >18.2, ≤42.1 | >32.2, ≤39.7 | Eutrophic | |||||||
>35.1, ≤45.2 | >42.1, ≤50.1 | >39.7, ≤47.6 | Light-eutrophic | |||||||
>45.2, ≤65.2 | >50.1, ≤68.3 | >47.6, ≤70.2 | Mid-eutrophic | |||||||
>65.2 | >68.3 | >70.2 | Hyper-eutrophic | |||||||
Empirical Frequency | CODMn (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | SD (m) | Chl-a (mg/L) | Empirical Frequency | [64] | |||
≤0.3 | ≤0.030 | ≤0.0025 | ≥10.0 | ≤0.001 | ≤14.3 | Oligotrophic | ||||
>0.3, ≤0.4 | >0.030, ≤0.050 | >0.0025, ≤0.0050 | <10.0, ≥5.0 | >0.001, ≤0.002 | >0.4, ≤28.6 | Mesotrophic | ||||
>0.4, ≤2.0 | >0.050, ≤0.300 | >0.0050, ≤0.0250 | <5.0, ≥1.5 | >0.002, ≤0.004 | >0.4, ≤42.9 | Eutrophic | ||||
>2.0, ≤4.0 | >0.300, ≤0.500 | >0.0250, ≤0.0500 | <1.5, ≥1.0 | >0.004, ≤0.010 | >0.4, ≤57.1 | Light-eutrophic | ||||
>10.0, ≤25.0 | >2.000, ≤6.000 | >0.2000, ≤0.6000 | <0.4, ≥0.3 | >0.065, ≤0.160 | >71.4, ≤85.7 | Mid-eutrophic | ||||
>25.0 | >6.000 | >0.6000 | <0.3 | >0.160 | >85.7 | Hyper-eutrophic | ||||
FCE 4 | DO (mg/L) | BOD5 (mg/L) | CODMn (mg/L) | NH3-N(mg/L) | Cyanogen (mg/L) | As (mg/L) | Cr (mg/L) | F (mg/L) | [66] | |
≥8.0 | ≤3.0 | ≤15.0 | ≤0.5 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.01 | ≤1.0 | Class I | ||
<8.0, ≥6.0 | ≤3.0 | ≤15.0 | ≤0.5 | >0.005, ≤0.050 | ≤0.05 | >0.01, ≤0.05 | ≤1.0 | Class II | ||
<6.0, ≥5.0 | >3.0, ≤4.0 | >15.0, ≤20.0 | >0.5, ≤10.0 | >0.050, ≤0.200 | >0.05, ≤0.20 | >0.01, ≤0.05 | ≤1.0 | Class IV | ||
<5.0, ≥3.0 | >4.0, ≤6.0 | >20.0, ≤30.0 | >1.0, ≤2.0 | >0.200 | >0.20 | >0.01, ≤0.05 | >1.0, ≤1.5 | Class IV | ||
<1.0 | >10.0 | >40.0 | >2.0 | >0.200 | >0.20 | >0.10 | >1.5 | Class V | ||
BP neural network | CODMn (mg/L) | TN (mg/L) | TP (mg/L) | Chl-a (mg/L) | value | [75] | ||||
≤0.3 | ≤0.03 | ≤0.0025 | ≤0.001 | 0 ≤ y < 1 | Oligotrophic | |||||
>0.3, ≤0.4 | >0.03, ≤0.05 | >0.0030, ≤0.0050 | >0.001, ≤0.005 | 1 ≤ y < 2 | Mesotrophic | |||||
>0.4, ≤2.0 | >0.05, ≤0.30 | >0.0050, ≤0.0300 | >0.005, ≤0.025 | 2 ≤ y < 3 | Eutrophic | |||||
>2.0, ≤4.0 | >0.30, ≤0.50 | >0.0300, ≤0.0500 | >0.025, ≤0.050 | 3 ≤ y < 4 | Light-eutrophic | |||||
>4.0, ≤10.0 | >0.50, ≤2.00 | >0.0500, ≤0.2000 | >0.050, ≤0.500 | 4 ≤ y < 5 | Mid-eutrophic | |||||
>10.0 | >2.00 | >0.2000 | >0.500 | y ≥ 5 | Hyper-eutrophic | |||||
Ex 7 | En 8 | He 9 | [88] | |||||||
ONCM 5 | ≥15.0 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C1 | ||||||
<15.0, ≥7.5 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C2 | |||||||
<7.5, ≥3.8 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C3 | |||||||
MNCM 6 | <3.8, ≥1.3 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C4 | ||||||
<1.3, ≥0.7 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C5 | |||||||
<0.2 | 5.0 | 0.01 | C6 |
Monitoring Parameters | SS 1 (mg/L) | SD 2 (m) | DO 3 (mg/L) | CODMn 4 (mg/L) | BOD5 5 (mg/L) | TN 6 (mg/L) | TP 7 (mg/L) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monitoring parameters AVG 8 | 37.53 | 0.33 | 8.83 | 4.05 | 2.07 | 4.39 | 1.30 | [95] |
Radiation data MW 9/(cm2·SR 10) | TM1 11 | TM2 | TM3 | TM4 | TM5 | TM6 | TM7 | |
Radiation data AVG | 0.687 | 0.554 | 0.267 | 0.033 | 0.010 | 0.086 | 0.002 | |
Monitoring parameters | T (°C) | pH | TUB 12 (NTU) | HDO 13 (% Sat.) | Chl (μg/L) | [96] | ||
17.3~20.9 | 7.5~8.9 | 18.5~110.0 | 18.9~207.6 | 4.79~219.1 |
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Zhang, Y.; Li, M.; Dong, J.; Yang, H.; Van Zwieten, L.; Lu, H.; Alshameri, A.; Zhan, Z.; Chen, X.; Jiang, X.; et al. A Critical Review of Methods for Analyzing Freshwater Eutrophication. Water 2021, 13, 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020225
Zhang Y, Li M, Dong J, Yang H, Van Zwieten L, Lu H, Alshameri A, Zhan Z, Chen X, Jiang X, et al. A Critical Review of Methods for Analyzing Freshwater Eutrophication. Water. 2021; 13(2):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020225
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yan, Mingxuan Li, Jiefeng Dong, Hong Yang, Lukas Van Zwieten, Hui Lu, Aref Alshameri, Zihan Zhan, Xin Chen, Xueding Jiang, and et al. 2021. "A Critical Review of Methods for Analyzing Freshwater Eutrophication" Water 13, no. 2: 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020225