The Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of N in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream
2.1. Overview of the Danjiangkou Reservoir
2.2. Spatio-Temporal Variation Characteristics of N in the Reservoir
2.2.1. TN Concentration
2.2.2. Annual TN Fluctuations in the Reservoir
2.2.3. Seasonal TN Concentration Fluctuations in the Reservoir
2.3. Spatial-Temporal Variation Characteristics of N in the Watershed and Tributaries
2.3.1. Contribution of N to the Watershed
2.3.2. TN Load
2.3.3. Heavily Polluted Urban Rivers
2.3.4. Seasonal Variation Trend of the TN Concentration in the Inflow Tributaries
2.4. Morphological N Variations
3. Sources of N in the Water
3.1. Overall Analysis of N Pollution
3.2. Analysis of Nonpoint Source Pollution
3.2.1. Farmland as a Nonpoint Pollution Source
3.2.2. Pollution from Dispersed Livestock and Poultry Breeding
3.2.3. Land-Use Cover Change and Soil Erosion
3.3. Analysis of Endogenous Pollution
3.4. Impact of Water-Fluctuation Zone on Water Quality
3.5. Atmospheric N Deposition
4. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author | Year | Research Method | Research Area | Indicator | Research Content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yin et al. | 2007 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N | Cause and control | |
Wang et al. | 2008 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Dynamic characteristics | |
Tu et al. | 2010 | Arcview | Hanjiang subreservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Nonpoint source dynamic change |
Lei et al. | 2012 | TLI a | Tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Dynamic characteristics |
Li et al. | 2012 | Soil | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Land-use type | |
Qiao et al. | 2013 | SWAT | Watershed of Danjiang subreservoir | Adsorbed N, dissolved N | Spatial and temporal distribution of agricultural nonpoint source |
Zeng et al. | 2014 | Fractional leaching by N form | Water-fluctuation zone | TF-N b, IEF-N c, CF-N d, IMOF-N e, OSF-N f, NTF-N g | |
Lei et al. | 2016 | Soil | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, DTN h, DON i, DIN j | N loss | |
Zhu et al. | 2016 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, DTN, DON, DIN | Distribution characteristics | |
Wang et al. | 2016 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N | Distribution characteristics | |
Chen et al. | 2005, 2010 | Watershed of Danjiang subreservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Dynamic characteristics | |
Song et al. | 2006 | Tributaries entering the reservoir in Shiyan City | TN | Pollution source | |
Song et al. | 2009 | Hanjiang subreservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Pollution source | |
Li et al. | 2009 | Reservoir area | NH3-N, NO3-N, DIN | Distribution characteristics | |
Xiao et al. | 2013 | Soil | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Distribution characteristics | |
Ai et al. | 2015 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | NH3-N | Spatial and seasonal pattern | |
Zhuang et al. | 2016 | Watershed of Danjiang subreservoir | TN | Source | |
Min et al. | 2017 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Distribution characteristics and control of N emissions | |
Liu et al. | 2017 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N | Distribution characteristics | |
Xin et al. | 2018 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir, bays of the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Pollution source | |
Luo et al. | 2018 | Reservoir area | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, TDN | Dry precipitation | |
Dang et al. | 2018 | Reservoir area | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Sediment | |
Yin et al. | 2018 | Water-fluctuation zone | TN | Impact of hydro-fluctuation belt | |
Zhao et al. | 2018 | Tributaries entering the reservoir | TN | N budget load | |
Liu et al. | 2018 | Tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, DTN, DIN | Distribution characteristics | |
Zhang et al. | 2019 | 16S r DNA Miseq high-throughput sequencing | Reservoir area | Phytoplankton community | N cycle |
Wang et al. | 2019 | Danjiang subreservoir | TN, NH3-N | Internal source release | |
Lei et al. | 2019 | Around the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Vegetative filter strip | |
Zhu et al. | 2020 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | NH3-N | Dynamic characteristics | |
Zhang et al. | 2020 | TLI | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN | Evaluation of trophic state |
Hao et al. | 2020 | Isotope, MCMC mixing model | Tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N | Source, migration and transformation |
Han et al. | 2020 | Reservoir area, tributaries entering the reservoir | TN, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N | Water-sediment interface | |
Dong et al. | 2020 | Remote sensing | Danjiang subreservoir | TN, NH3-N | Inversion |
Li et al. | 2020 | Bays of Danjiangkou Reservoir | TN | Impact of watershed landscape |
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Project | Class I | Class II | Class III | Class IV | Class V | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
total nitrogen (TN) | <= | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
ammonia N (NH3-N) | <= | 0.15 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 |
nitrate N (NO2-N & NO3-N) | <= | 10 (Standard limit of supplementary projects for surface sources of centralized drinking water) |
Inflow Tributaries | WATERSHED area/km2 | Mean Annual Discharge/100 million m3 | TN load/(t/a) | TN/(mg/L) | NH3-N/(mg/L) | NO3-N/(mg/L) | NO3-N Proportion/% | Presence or Absence of Main Inflow Tributaries | Pollution Degree |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hanjiang subreservoir | |||||||||
Hanjiang River | 59,115 | 273.27 | 40,071.91 | 1.50 | 0.03 | 1.40 | 92.1 | Yes | - |
Tianhe River | 1614 | 4.67 | 887.96 | 3.24 | 0.63 | 2.07 | 63.9 | Yes | - |
Duhe River | 12,431 | 60.40 | 7237.52 | 0.96 | 0.05 | 0.85 | 88.3 | Yes | - |
Shending River | 227 | 0.48 | 494.73 | 8.8 | 3.47 | 4.93 | 56 | - | Heavy |
Jianghe River | 326 | 0.63 | 697.89 | 15.3 | 0.79 | 13.8 | 90.2 | - | Heavy |
Sihe River | 469 | 1.14 | 1163.77 | 10.6 | 4.9 | 4.34 | 40.9 | - | Heavy |
Guanshan River | 465 | 2.45 | 503.79 | 4.67 | 2.31 | 1.38 | 29.6 | - | - |
Jianhe River | 47 | 0.10 | 41.51 | 3.78 | 0.38 | 2.84 | 75.1 | - | Heavy |
Langhe River | 381 | 1.62 | 275.56 | 3.36 | 0.77 | 1.93 | 57.4 | - | - |
Quyuan River | 312 | 0.55 | 80.57 | 2.2 | 0.54 | 1.3 | 59.1 | - | - |
Jiangjun River | 62 | 0.14 | 21.39 | 2.18 | 0.04 | 1.94 | 89 | - | - |
Taogou River | 45 | 0.11 | 13.78 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 90.2 | - | - |
Danjiang Subreservoir | |||||||||
Danjiang River | 7560 | 14.58 | 6175.46 | 6.13 | 0.04 | 4.83 | 78.8 | Yes | Heavy |
Qihe River | 1598 | 3.82 | 661.73 | 6.09 | 0.06 | 4.42 | 72.6 | Yes | - |
Taohe River | 1210 | 5.20 | 838.58 | 1.04 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 79.2 | - | - |
Laoguan River | 4231 | 11.79 | 2180.01 | 9.76 | 6.32 | 1.46 | 15 | Yes | Heavy |
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Li, J.-J.; Dong, F.; Huang, A.-P.; Lian, Q.-Y.; Peng, W.-Q. The Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream: A Review. Water 2021, 13, 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192749
Li J-J, Dong F, Huang A-P, Lian Q-Y, Peng W-Q. The Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream: A Review. Water. 2021; 13(19):2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192749
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jin-Jin, Fei Dong, Ai-Ping Huang, Qiu-Yue Lian, and Wen-Qi Peng. 2021. "The Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream: A Review" Water 13, no. 19: 2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192749