Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Selected Watershed
2.2. WEPP Model Setup, Calibration, Validation, and Evaluation
2.3. Identification of Locations for LID Implementation
2.4. LID Design and Representation in the Model
2.5. Cost Calculation of LIDs
2.6. Evaluations and Comparison of LIDs
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Water Balance and Runoff Depths
3.2. Evaluation and Comparison of LIDs
3.2.1. LID Impacts on Water Balance
3.2.2. Costs of LIDs and Impacts on Average Annual Runoff Depths and Soil Losses
3.2.3. LID Impacts on Average Annual and Monthly Runoff Depths and Soil Losses
3.2.4. Hillslope Runoff Rates and Depths and Soil Losses under Storm Events
4. Discussion
4.1. Peak Runoff Depth Simulation and Potential Improvements
4.2. Costs and Effectiveness of LIDs
4.2.1. LIDs in CEAs vs. LIDs in All Suitable Areas
4.2.2. Single LIDs vs. Bundled LIDs
4.2.3. Effectiveness of LIDs
4.3. Selection of LIDs
4.4. Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Design | Scenario No. | Scenario Description | Abbreviation | Locations |
Single LID_ Critically Eroding Areas (CEAs) | 1 | Native planting in CEAs | NP(C) | Hillslopes (10, 16, 17) |
2 | Permeable pavement in CEAs | PP(C) | Hillslopes (10, 16) | |
3 | Rain garden in CEAs | RG(C) | Hillslopes (16, 17) | |
Single LID_All suitable areas | 4 | Native planting | NP | Hillslopes (9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17) |
5 | Permeable pavement | PP | Hillslopes (9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17) | |
6 | Rain garden | RG | Hillslopes (13, 14, 16, 17) | |
7 | Detention pond | DP | Channels | |
Bundled (Single LID_CEAs and detention pond) | 8 | Native planting in CEAs with detention pond | NP(C)_DP | Hillslopes (10, 16, 17) and channels |
9 | Permeable pavement in CEAs with detention pond | PP(C)_DP | Hillslopes (10, 16) and channels | |
10 | Rain garden in CEAs with detention pond | RG(C)_DP | Hillslopes (16, 17) and channels | |
Bundled (Single LID_All suitable areas and detention pond) | 11 | Native planting with detention pond | NP_DP | Hillslopes (9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17) and channels |
12 | Permeable pavement with detention pond | PP_DP | Hillslopes (9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17) and channels | |
13 | Rain garden with detention pond | RG_DP | Hillslopes (13, 14, 16, 17) and channels |
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Guo, T.; Srivastava, A.; Flanagan, D.C.; Liu, Y.; Engel, B.A.; McIntosh, M.M. Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model. Water 2021, 13, 2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152076
Guo T, Srivastava A, Flanagan DC, Liu Y, Engel BA, McIntosh MM. Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model. Water. 2021; 13(15):2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152076
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Tian, Anurag Srivastava, Dennis C. Flanagan, Yaoze Liu, Bernard A. Engel, and Madeline M. McIntosh. 2021. "Evaluation of Costs and Efficiencies of Urban Low Impact Development (LID) Practices on Stormwater Runoff and Soil Erosion in an Urban Watershed Using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model" Water 13, no. 15: 2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152076