Estimation of Vegetation-Induced Flow Resistance for Hydraulic Computations Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods for Quantification of Resistance
2.1. Resistance Formulas
2.2. Vegetation Parameter
2.3. Terrestrial Laser Scanning
2.4. Airborne Laser Scanning
3. Procedure to Process ALS Data
3.1. Processing of the Laser Scanner Data
3.2. Full Waveform Laser Processing
3.3. Description of the Proposed Procedure
- The laser ray shedding is nearly parallel.
- The direction of the rays is nearly vertical downward; 20° in practice.
- The vertical projection and the horizontal projection of the vegetation area are the same.
- The number of reflection points of the laser rays divided by the number of imposed rays gives the area fraction of the vegetation inside each voxel.
- For each voxel, the number of reflexion points Ni is counted. Additionally, a ground box or voxel of different height may be defined, where the number of reflexion points is counted as well.
- Summing up the reflexion points from the ground vertically upwards to the top gives the number of test rays that entered a voxel column Nin, i at the top:
4. Case Study for the Kinzig Watercourse
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Flood Model Results
5. Conclusions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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[m−1] | [–] | Flow velocity [m/s] for slope S = 1.5‰ | [–] | ||
h = 1 m | h = 0.5 m | ||||
0.01 | 0.048 | 40.4 | 1.56 | 0.024 | 80.8 |
0.03 | 0.144 | 23.3 | 0.90 | 0.072 | 46.7 |
0.1 | 0.48 | 12.8 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 25.6 |
1 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 0.16 | 2.4 | 8.1 |
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Mewis, P. Estimation of Vegetation-Induced Flow Resistance for Hydraulic Computations Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data. Water 2021, 13, 1864. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131864
Mewis P. Estimation of Vegetation-Induced Flow Resistance for Hydraulic Computations Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data. Water. 2021; 13(13):1864. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131864
Chicago/Turabian StyleMewis, Peter. 2021. "Estimation of Vegetation-Induced Flow Resistance for Hydraulic Computations Using Airborne Laser Scanning Data" Water 13, no. 13: 1864. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131864