E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. WWTPs Location and Treatment Plant Description
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Microbiological Analysis of Sludge and Wastewater Samples
2.4. Thermotolerant Coliform (TTC)
2.5. Salmonella spp.
2.6. Helminth Eggs (HE)
2.7. Total Coliforms (TC) and E. coli
2.8. Somatic Coliphages, F-Specific Coliphages and CB390 Phage Analysis
2.9. Chiquinquirá WWTP Sludge Chemical Analysis
2.10. Evaluation of Microbiological Indicators in Wastewater Samples
2.11. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sludge Bacterial and Viral Indicators
3.2. Concentration of Salmonella spp and Helminth Egg in Sludge
3.3. Chiquinquirá WTTP Heavy Metal Concetration
3.4. Bacterial and Viral Indicators in Domestic Waste Water
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicator | WWTP La Calera | WTTP Chiquinquirá | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sludge n: 9 | Sludge Dryingbed Treatment n: 5 (4 Weeks) | Sludge Dryingbed Treatment n: 5 (8 Weeks) | Sludge n: 24 | Lime-Terated Sludge n: 27 (4 Weeks) | ||||||
Average (SD) | Range | Average (SD) | Range | Average (SD) | Range | Average (SD) | Range | Average (SD) | Range | |
TC Log10 (UFC/g) | 6.2 (0.5) | 5.7–6.9 | 4.9 (0.7) | 4.1–5.7 | 3.5 (0.6) | 2.5–4.0 | 7.6 (0.2) | 7.2–8 | 6.4 (0.3) | 5.7–6.8 |
TTC Log10 (UFC/g) | 5.8 (0.4) | 5.3–6.4 | 4.4 (0.4) | 3.9–4.9 | 2.9 (0.3) | 2.3–3.1 | 7.0 (0.2) | 6.5–7.4 | 5.9 (0.3) | 5.2–6.3 |
E. coli Log10 (UFC/g) | 5.3 (0.4) | 4.7–5.9 | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.0–4.6 | 2.4 (0.6) | 1.4–3.0 | 6.7 (0.2) | 6.2–7.1 | 5.4 (0.3) | 4.9–5.8 |
SOMCPH Log10 (UFC/g) | 4.7 (0.3) | 4.3–5.1 | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.4–4.3 | 2.7 (0.4) | 2.1–3.1 | 6.4 (0.3) | 5.9–7.1 | 5.6 (0.2) | 5.3–6.0 |
F-specificPH Log10 (UFC/g) | 3.7 (0.3) | 3.3–4.1 | 2.8 (0.5) | 2.2–3.4 | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.1–2.0 | 5.4 (0.3) | 4.8–6.1 | 4.4 (0.2) | 4.0–4.9 |
PHCB390 Log10 (UFC/g) | 4.5 (0.3) | 3.9–5 | 4.0 (0.6) | 3.3–4.6 | 2.6 (0.7) | 1.4–3.1 | 6.1 (0.4) | 5.6–7.0 | 5.4 (0.2) | 5.2–5.9 |
TCPH Log10 (UFC/g) | 4.7 (0.3) | 4.4–5.2 | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.4–4.4 | 2.7 (0.4) | 2.1–3.1 | 6.4 (0.3) | 6.0–7.1 | 5.6 (0.2) | 5.4–6.1 |
Salmonella MPN/25 g | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.1–2.9 | 2.0 (0.2) | 1.9–2.2 | 0.3 (0.0) | 0.3–0.3 | 3.4 (0.1) | 3.2–3.6 | 3.1 (0.4) | 2.4–3.5 |
HE/4 g | 109 (18) | 82–136 | 74.4 (11.5) | 56–84 | 32.8 (6.1) | 24–40 | 75.3 (6.5) | 64–88 | 53.9 (5.7) | 40–66 |
VHE/4 g | 43.8 (10.9) | 24–58 | 24.8 (6.1) | 20–34 | 11.8 (3.2) | 8.0–16 | 22.4 (9.2) | 4.0–34 | 19.9 (6.4) | 8.0–34 |
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WWTPs Flow Treatment | Population Served | Water Line | Sludge Treatment | Type of Sludge Stabilization | Time of Treatment or Stabilization | Quantity of Treated Sludge Generated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
La Calera 32 L/s | ~18,000 people | Pretreatment Primary treatment Secondary treatment | Digester Drybeds | Drybed | ~2 months | ~4 to 7 Ton/year |
Chiquinquirá 240 L/s to 252 L/s | ~72,770 people | Thickeners and Dewatering | Lime-treated | ~1 month | ~480 Ton/year |
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Venegas, C.; Sánchez-Alfonso, A.C.; Celis Zambrano, C.; González Mendez, M.; Vesga, F.-J. E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge. Water 2021, 13, 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131833
Venegas C, Sánchez-Alfonso AC, Celis Zambrano C, González Mendez M, Vesga F-J. E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge. Water. 2021; 13(13):1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131833
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenegas, Camilo, Andrea C. Sánchez-Alfonso, Crispín Celis Zambrano, Mauricio González Mendez, and Fidson-Juarismy Vesga. 2021. "E. coli CB390 as an Indicator of Total Coliphages for Microbiological Assessment of Lime and Drying Bed Treated Sludge" Water 13, no. 13: 1833. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13131833