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Water
Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/w13121693
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Article

An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation

by
Kalomoira Zisopoulou
1 and
Dionysia Panagoulia
2,*
1
Travaux Publics, Becket House, London SE1 7EU, UK
2
Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 157 80 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Luis Garrote
Water 2021, 13(12), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121693
Received: 21 May 2021 / Revised: 3 June 2021 / Accepted: 4 June 2021 / Published: 18 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Economic Role of Water under Scarcity and Sustainability Constraints)
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Abstract

An analytical review of physical blue and green water scarcity in terms of agricultural use, and its amenability to economic interpretation, is presented, employing more than 600 references. The main definitions and classifications involved and information about reserves and resources are critically analyzed, blue and green water scarcity are examined along with their interchange, while their causal connection with climate in general is analyzed along with the particular instances of Europe, Africa, Asia and the WANA region. The role of teleconnections and evaporation/moisture import-export is examined as forms of action at a distance. The human intervention scarcity driver is examined extensively in terms of land use land cover change (LULCC), as well as population increase. The discussion deals with following critical problems: green and blue water availability, inadequate accessibility, blue water loss, unevenly distributed precipitation, climate uncertainty and country level over global level precedence. The conclusion singles out, among others, problems emerging from the inter-relationship of physical variables and the difficulty to translate them into economic instrumental variables, as well as the lack of imbedding uncertainty in the underlying physical theory due to the fact that country level measurements are not methodically assumed to be the basic building block of regional and global water scarcity. View Full-Text
Keywords: blue water; green water; scarcity; climate; water availability; inadequate water accessibility; climate uncertainty; land use land cover change; population blue water; green water; scarcity; climate; water availability; inadequate water accessibility; climate uncertainty; land use land cover change; population
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Zisopoulou, K.; Panagoulia, D. An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation. Water 2021, 13, 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121693

AMA Style

Zisopoulou K, Panagoulia D. An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation. Water. 2021; 13(12):1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121693

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zisopoulou, Kalomoira, and Dionysia Panagoulia. 2021. "An In-Depth Analysis of Physical Blue and Green Water Scarcity in Agriculture in Terms of Causes and Events and Perceived Amenability to Economic Interpretation" Water 13, no. 12: 1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13121693

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