Automated Location Detection of Retention and Detention Basins for Water Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Preprocessing
2.1.1. User Input
2.1.2. River Analysis
2.2. Analysis of the Dam Positioning
- The dam axis has to be an almost straight line through the respective river point.
- The orientation of the dam axis has to be the shortest waylength to close the valley.
- The elevation at the boundaries of the clipped DEM in extension of the dam axis has to be above the dam crest.
2.3. Basin Analysis
2.3.1. Basin Boundaries
2.3.2. Dam Characteristics
2.3.3. Basin Area and Volume
2.3.4. Basin Evaluation
- Criterion 1: dam volume per basin volume (m/m).
- Criterion 2: basin area per basin volume (1/m).
- Criterion 3: share of well-suited cells in the basin area (−) (Section 3.2).
- Criterion 4: share of not-suited cells in the basin area (−) (Section 3.2).
2.4. Basin Combination
2.4.1. Basin Selection
2.4.2. Curves of the Basin Depth, Volume and Area
2.5. Postprocessing
2.5.1. Summary of the Results
2.5.2. Visual Representation
3. Code Structure and Data Definitions
3.1. Code Structure
3.2. Input Data
3.3. Output Data
4. Case Study
4.1. Input Data and Parameters
4.2. Performance Evaluation
4.3. Results and Visualization
- The spatial distribution of the river points is plotted with different colors for the exit codes (Table 1). Individual raster data (e.g., DEM) can be displayed as a background map. The purpose of the figure is to analyze the plausibility of the results and the sorting procedure (Figure A1a,c and Figure A7a,c).
- The selected basin combination is displayed to give an overview of the final results. It includes the basin number, the dam orientation with the respective dam heights and the basin area with distributed water depths. The background map includes the DEM, an individual map (e.g., landuse) and the river network (Figure A1b,d and Figure A7b,d).
- The characterization of the single basins is summarized on a double-sided fact sheet. The first page includes general information on the selected basin; curves of the water depths, the storage volume and the flooding area; the dam’s cross-section; the basin longitudinal section; and a top view of the basin (Figure A3, Figure A4, Figure A5, Figure A6, Figure A9 and Figure A10).
- The second page displays information on all potential dam heights; i.e., the dam characteristics, the basin characteristics and the dam and basin evaluation criteria.
- The curve of water depth, basin volume and basin area is decisive for the efficiency estimation and the influencing area of a basin. It is, thus, included on the first page of the fact sheet, but can additionally be compared among different dam sites.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Software Availabiliy
Software name: | LOCASIN |
Developer: | Sonja Teschemacher |
First official release: | 2019 |
Program language: | MATLAB |
Program size: | 1.7 MB |
Availability: | https://github.com/steschemacher/LOCASIN |
License: | BSD-3-Clause |
Documentation: | README in Github repository with example dataset |
Appendix A. Visualization of the Case Study
Appendix B. Tutorial
Appendix B.1. Input Data
Appendix B.1.1. Data Overview
dem.txt | digital elevation model (DEM) in a resolution of 5 (required) |
dem_fill.txt | DEM with filled sinks (optional) |
dir.txt | flow directions (required) |
acc.txt | flow accumulations (required) |
buffer.txt | definition of a 70 buffer around the river network (optional) |
landuse.txt | map with land use classification numbers (optional) |
Appendix B.1.2. Data Generation
dem.txt | The DEM [26] was aggregated from a resolution of 1 to 5 . To use all features of LOCASIN, the DEM needs to cover all upstream borders of the catchment. |
[Spatial Analyst Tools → Generalization → Aggregate (aggregation technique: mean)] | |
dem_fill.txt | The following flow direction and accumulation analysis requires a DEM with filled sinks. |
[Spatial Analysist Tools → Hydrology → Fill] | |
dir.txt | The flow directions were determined on the basis of the DEM with filled sinks. |
[Spatial Analyst Tools → Hydrology → Flow Direction] | |
acc.txt | The flow accumulation raster was determined on the basis of the flow direction raster. If the raster covers the upstream borders of the catchment, the resulting cell values give information on the respective catchment area. |
[Spatial Analyst Tools → Hydrology → Flow Accumulation] | |
buffer.txt | The derived river network from the flow accumulation raster may not correspond to the real river network [27]. Thus, a buffer of 70 around the real river network shapefile was determined in order to include only river cells within this range for the analyses. |
[Analysis Tools → Proximity → Buffer; Conversion Tools → To Raster → Polygon to Raster] | |
landuse.txt | The land use shapefile [28] was classified based on the potential suitability for basin locations and converted to a raster. |
[Conversion Tools → To Raster → Polygon to Raster] |
Appendix B.2. Parameter Setting
Appendix B.2.1. Spatial Input Data
Variable Name | Selected Value |
---|---|
grids_required.dem | dem5.txt |
grids_required.dem_fill | dem_fill5.txt |
grids_required.dir | dir5.txt |
grids_required.acc | acc5.txt |
info_exclude_dam.river_buffer.name | buffer5.txt |
info_exclude_dam.river_buffer.include | 70 |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.name | landuse5.txt |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.exclude{1} | [5 , 6] |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.exclude_threshold{1} | 100 |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.exclude{2} | [4] |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.exclude_threshold{2} | 1000 |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.well_suited | 1 |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.not_suited | [5 , 6] |
Appendix B.2.2. Basin Characteristics, and Save and Plot Options
Appendix B.3. Run LOCASIN
- Code: adaption of the data and result directories in USER_INPUT.m.
- Executable: adaption of the directory in define_input_directory_and_file.txt to the location of the Excel-file user_input.xlsx and adaption of the data and result directories in the first sheet of the Excel-file.
Variable Name | Selected Value |
---|---|
dam_height_max | 6 |
dam_height_min | 1 |
dam_height_buffer | 0.05 |
dam_length_max | 70 |
exclude_longer_dams | 0 |
basin_volume_max | 500,000 |
basin_volume_min | 5000 |
sV_max | 40 |
sV_min | 10 |
dam_slope_m | 2 |
dam_crest_width | 3 |
thresh | [ ] |
limit_dam_height | 1 |
dam_dist_eval | 0.2 |
discretization_number | 41 |
neighbors_exclude_distance | 0 |
w1_damVolume_per_basinVolume | 0.3 |
w2_basinArea_per_basinVolume | 0.3 |
w3_share_well_suited | 0.2 |
w4_share_not_suited | 0.2 |
debug_on | 0 |
save_memory | 1 |
save_grids | 1 |
save_river_points | 1 |
save_dam_points | 1 |
save_basins_selected | 1 |
save_basins_as_ascii | 1 |
save_curves_as_excel | 1 |
plot_exitcodes | 1 |
plot_spatial_overview | 1 |
plot_factsheet_p1 | 1 |
plot_factsheet_p2 | 1 |
plot_dam_comparison | 1 |
plot_curve_comparison | 1 |
plot_visibility | 0 |
Appendix B.4. Results and Visualization
References
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fun_1_river_analysis.m | |
1 | river point is too close to the grid border or excluded by user defined spatial data for dam restrictions |
2 | river point is excluded by user defined spatial data for basin restrictions (e.g., land use) |
3 | target basin volume is too small for the target specific volume (=too large rivers are excluded) |
4 | target basin volume is too large for the target specific volume (=too small rivers are excluded) |
fun_2_determine_shortest_dam.m | |
5 | river point is excluded for further analysis, because a potential dam exists within a predefined distance |
6 | no possible dam orientation available to close the valley (with the defined dam length) |
−1 | dam height had to be reduced to close the valley (with the defined dam length) |
fun_3_determine_river_points_in_basin.m | |
7 | no basin endpoint exists (river point) for the minimum dam height |
−2 | dam height had to be reduced, because the basin endpoint could be found within the extent of the DEM |
fun_5_determine_basin_area_and_volume.m | |
8 | no upstream river point available for the basin area analysis |
9 | no basin due to an erroneous dam orientation |
10 | basin area touches the borders (usually occurs, if the dam does not close the valley totally) |
−3 | dam height had to be reduced, because the basin touched the borders of the DEM |
fun_6_evaluate_basins.m | |
11 | points of the dam axis or the whole dam are higher than the defined maximum dam height |
12 | maximum dam height smaller than the defined minimum dam height (dam_height_min) |
13 | dam axis is longer than the defined maximum dam length (dam_length_max) |
14 | basin volumes smaller than the defined minimum basin volume (basin_volume_min) |
15 | basin volumes larger than the defined maximum basin volume (basin_volume_max) |
16 | specific volume of the basin is smaller than the defined minimum specific volume (sV_min) |
17 | specific volume of the basin is larger than the defined maximum specific volume (sV_max) |
18 | too many exclusion-cells in the basin |
Structure Array | Field | Definition |
---|---|---|
grids_required. | dem | digital elevation model |
dir | flow directions | |
acc | flow accumulation sum | |
dem_fill | pit-filled DEM (optional) | |
x_range / y_range | coordinate area to be analyzed | |
info_exclude_dam.(field). | name | file name of spatial data to evaluate dam locations |
exclude | array with numbers, which are excluded (all others are included) | |
include | array with numbers, which are included (all others are excluded) | |
info_exclude_basin.(field). | name | file name of spatial data to evaluate dam and basin locations |
exclude | array with numbers, which are excluded (all others are included) | |
exclude_threshold | threshold value for the maximum number of cells of one exclude group in one basin (several groups and thresholds can be defined to distinguish between different factors, e.g., settlements and forest) | |
include | array with numbers, which are included (all others are excluded) | |
well_suited | array with numbers, which are well suited for basin locations | |
not_suited | array with numbers, which not suited for basin locations |
Variable Name | Definition |
---|---|
dam_height_max | maximum dam height (, whole dam) |
dam_height_min | minimum dam height (, at the highest position) |
dam_height_buffer | dam height buffer value for the exclusion of dams () |
dam_length_max | maximum length of the dam axis () |
exclude_longer_dams | definition if the dam length is a restriction parameter (yes/no: 1/0) |
basin_volume_max | maximum storage volume of the basin () |
basin_volume_min | minimum storage volume of the basin () |
sV_min | minimum specific volume (, optional parameter) |
sV_max | maximum specific volume (, optional parameter) |
dam_slope_m | slope angle: horizontal length m per 1 height difference |
dam_crest_width | width of the dam crest () |
thresh | threshold for the accumulation grid to define rivers (optional if sV_max is defined) |
limit_dam_height | dam_height_max is (1): valid for the whole dam; (2): only valid for the dam axis |
dam_dist_eval | evaluation step size between dam_height_min and dam_height_max () |
discretization_number | discretization of the curves for impounding heights, storage volumes and basin areas (number of points) |
neighbors_exclude _distance | distance in which neighboring river points are excluded for further analysis after a dam location has been determined () |
w1_damVolume_per _basinVolume | weighting factor for criterion 1 (dam volume per basin volume) |
w2_basinArea_per _basinVolume | weighting factor for criterion 2 (basin area per basin volume) |
w3_share_well_suited | weighting factor for criterion 3 (share of well-suited cells) |
w4_share_not_suited | weighting factor for criterion 4 (share of not-suited cells) |
debug_on | debugging option to assess the analysis process (activate = 1, deactivate = 2) |
save_memory | definition if inappropriate dam sites are deleted immediately to reduce main memory requirements (yes/no: 1/0) |
save_grids | input grids (yes/no: 1/0, Table 4) |
save_river_points | general information on all analyzed river points (yes/no: 1/0, Table 4) |
save_dam_points | information on all suitable basin locations (yes/no: 1/0, Table 4) |
save_basins_selected | detailed information on the selected basin combination (yes/no: 1/0, Table 4) |
save_basins_as_ascii | ascii raster file for all sites with dam heights and water depths (yes/no: 1/0) |
save_curves_as_excel | excel-file with basin characteristics and depth-storage-area-curves (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_exitcodes | plot with spatial distribution of exit codes (yes/no: 1/0, Table 1) |
plot_spatial_overview | plot with spatial distribution of basins and dams (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_factsheet_p1 | fact sheet, page 1: basin characteristics (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_factsheet_p2 | fact sheet, page 2: characteristics of all dam heights of one site (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_dam_comparison | plot second page of the fact sheet for multiple sites (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_curve_comparison | plot water depth-storage-area-curves for multiple sites (yes/no: 1/0) |
plot_visibility | define whether the plot is visible during plotting (visible/only saving: 1/0) |
raster_selected.name | name of the background raster for the spatial plots (name from Table 2) |
raster_selected.legend | description of the raster ids in ascending order |
raster_selected.color | RGB-codes (0-1) of the raster ids in ascending order (one color per line) |
Variable | Definition |
---|---|
input_grids_used.mat | |
grids | required grids for the analysis (DEM) |
grids_exclude | variable grids for the exclusion of dams or basins (e.g., land use) |
info_exclude_dam | additional information on the grids to exclude dams |
info_exclude_basin | additional information on the grids to exclude basins |
river_points.mat | |
id | identification number of the river point |
x_coord | x-coordinate in the used metric coordinate system |
y_coord | y-coordinate in the used metric coordinate system |
exit_code | exit codes to analyze why river points had to be excluded (Table 1) |
dem | elevation of the river point |
dem_fill | elevation of the river point taken from the DEM with filled sinks |
acc | accumulation value of the river point |
vorgaenger | upstream neighbor(s) of the river point |
nachfolger | downstream neighbor of the river point |
dam_points.mat | basins_selected.mat | |
id, x_coord, y_coord and dem as in river_points.mat | |
dam_top_elev | elevation of the dam crest |
dam_height | maximum dam height |
dam_axis_lengths | length of the dam axis |
dam_volumes | dam volume (c1: whole dam, c2: waterside of the dam) |
basin_volumes | maximum storage volume of the basin (cross-section type: c1: dam, c2: wall) |
basin_areas | maximum flooding area of the basin (cross-section type: c1: dam, c2: wall) |
dam_axis_lengths_segments | length of single segments of the dam axis to analyze the dam cross-section |
dam_axis_heights | dam heights for the single segments of the dam axis |
refGK_dam_coords | coordinates of all dam points including the crest and the slopes in metric coordinate system (row 1: x-coordinates, row 2: y-coordinates) |
dam_heights | heights of all dam points including the crest and the slopes |
dam_elevation | elevations of all dam points including the crest and the slopes |
refGK_BASIN_x | x-coordinates of the basin raster data |
refGK_BASIN_y | y-coordinates of the basin raster data |
refBASIN_depth_dam_cross. | basin raster data with water depth for a dam cross-section |
refBASIN_depth_wall_cross. | basin raster data with water depth for a wall cross-section |
ShA_dam | curves of basin storage, water depth and basin area (dam cross-section) |
ShA_wall | curves of basin storage, water depth and basin area (wall cross-section) |
crit1_damvol_per_storage | criterion 1: dam volume per basin storage volume (Section 2.3.4) |
crit2_area_per_storage | criterion 2: basin area per basin storage volume (Section 2.3.4) |
crit3_share_wellsuited_c. | criterion 3: share of well-suited cells in the basin (Section 2.3.4) |
crit4_share_notsuited_c. | criterion 4: share of not-suited cells in the basin (Section 2.3.4) |
objective_function | result of the objective function (for basins_selected.mat) |
curve_potential_dam_basin | dam and basin characteristics for all possible potential dam heights (rows: potential dam heights; c1: evaluated dam heights, c2: dam volumes, c3: dam axis lengths, c4: basin volumes, c5: basin areas, c6: specific volume, c7: objective function, c8: correspondence to user requirements (1: possible, NaN: restricted), c9: real maximum dam height, c10: criterion 1, c11: criterion 2, c12: criterion 3, c13: criterion 4, c14: number on non-suited cells) |
Variable Name | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
investigation area | region 1 | region 2 | ||
raster resolution | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
required and optional spatial input data | ||||
grids_required.x_range | [ 4,476,340 , 4,477,111 ] | [ 4,471,081 , 4,477,113 ] | ||
grids_required.y_range | [ 5,548,272 , 5,549,619 ] | [ 5,543,462 , 5,546,414 ] | ||
grids_required.dem | dem5.txt | dem1.txt | dem5.txt | dem1.txt |
grids_required.dem_fill | demfill5.txt | demfill1.txt | demfill5.txt | demfill1.txt |
grids_required.dir | dir5.txt | dir1.txt | dir5.txt | dir1.txt |
grids_required.acc | acc5.txt | acc1.txt | acc5.txt | acc1.txt |
info_exclude_dam.river_buffer.name | buffer5.txt | buffer1.txt | buffer5.txt | buffer1.txt |
info_exclude_dam.river_buffer.include | 70 | |||
info_exclude_basin.landuse.name | use5.txt | use.txt | use5.txt | use.txt |
info_exclude_basin.landuse.exclude{1} | [5 , 6] | |||
info_(...).landuse.exclude_threshold{1} | 1000 | |||
info_exclude_basin.landuse.well_suited | 1 | |||
info_exclude_basin.landuse.not_suited | [5 , 6] | |||
parameters to define dam and basin characteristics | ||||
dam_height_max | 7 | 10 | ||
dam_height_min | 1 | 3 | ||
dam_height_buffer | 0.05 | |||
dam_length_max | 100 | 500 | ||
exclude_longer_dams | 0 | |||
basin_volume_max | 60,000 | 4,000,000 | ||
basin_volume_min | 5000 | 800,000 | ||
sV_max | 30 | |||
sV_min | 10 | |||
dam_slope_m | 2 | |||
dam_crest_width | 3 | |||
thresh | [ ] | |||
limit_dam_height | 1 | |||
dam_dist_eval | 0.2 | 0.5 | ||
discretization_number | 41 | |||
neighbors_exclude_distance | 4 | 24 | ||
w1_damVolume_per_basinVolume | 0.3 | |||
w2_basinArea_per_basinVolume | 0.3 | |||
w3_share_well_suited | 0.2 | |||
w4_share_not_suited | 0.2 | |||
run, save and plotting options (identical for Case 1 to Case 4) | ||||
debug_on | 0 | plot_visibility | 0 | |
save_memory | 1 | |||
save_grids | 1 | plot_exitcodes | 1 | |
save_river_points | 1 | plot_spatial_overview | 1 | |
save_dam_points | 0 | plot_factsheet_p1 | 1 | |
save_basins_selected | 1 | plot_factsheet_p2 | 1 | |
save_basins_as_ascii | 1 | plot_dam_comparison | 1 | |
save_curves_as_excel | 1 | plot_curve_comparison | 1 |
Parameter | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
evaluation extent | ||||
raster size (cells) | 4.2 × 104 | 1.6 × 106 | 7.1 × 105 | 1.7 × 107 |
potential sites | 653 | 4408 | 2660 | 15546 |
analyzed sites | 361 | 418 | 420 | 930 |
possible sites | 147 | 148 | 56 | 68 |
selected sites | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
computation time () | ||||
preprocessing | 0.847 | 1.817 | 0.951 | 2.455 |
dam analysis | 0.038 | 0.313 | 0.138 | 5.620 |
basin analysis | 0.210 | 3.954 | 1.289 | 32.327 |
combination selection | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.049 |
saving results | 0.011 | 0.087 | 0.578 | 0.511 |
plotting results | 0.074 | 2.182 | 1.374 | 24.860 |
total duration | 2.022 | 8.547 | 4.505 | 66.012 |
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Teschemacher, S.; Bittner, D.; Disse, M. Automated Location Detection of Retention and Detention Basins for Water Management. Water 2020, 12, 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051491
Teschemacher S, Bittner D, Disse M. Automated Location Detection of Retention and Detention Basins for Water Management. Water. 2020; 12(5):1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051491
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeschemacher, Sonja, Daniel Bittner, and Markus Disse. 2020. "Automated Location Detection of Retention and Detention Basins for Water Management" Water 12, no. 5: 1491. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051491