Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Location and Geology
2.2. Hydrogeology
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Tritium for Recent Recharge Assessment
5.2. Possible Sources of Nitrate
5.2.1. Fertilizers
5.2.2. Atmospheric Deposition
5.2.3. Nitrogen from Animal and Human Waste (Manures)
5.2.4. Nitrogen from Rocks
5.2.5. Soil Nitrogen
5.3. Estimating N Fluxes
5.4. Wasia Aquifer: Mixing Model and Nitrate Provenance
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biyadh | |||
---|---|---|---|
Hydraulic Property | Source | Value Range | Average Value |
Transmissivity, T | [26] | 1.7 × 10−3–9.0 × 10−2 m2/s | 3.3 × 10−2 m2/s |
[27] | 1.26 × 10−3–7.0 × 10−2 m2/s | 3.6 × 10−2 m2/s | |
[28] | 1.5 × 10−2–9.7 × 10−2 m2/s | n/a | |
Hydraulic conductivity, K | [26] | 2.5 × 10−4–4.5 × 10−4 m/s | 3.0 × 10−4 m/s |
[27] | 3.3 × 10−5–3.0 × 10−4 m/s | 19 × 10−4 m/s | |
Storage coefficient, S | [26] | 2.3 × 10−4–9.0 × 10−4 | 4.9 × 10−4 |
[27] | n/a | 3.2 × 10−2 | |
[28] | n/a | 2.0 × 10−4 | |
Specific yield, Sy | [26] | - | 5–15% (estimated) |
Porosity, Φ | [25] | 1.1–36% | 23.3% |
[26] | 19–40% | 31% | |
[29] | 7–37% | 30% | |
Permeability, k | [25] | 0.2–12,678 mD | 1698 mD |
[26] | 240–11,100 mD | 2500 mD | |
[29] | 2000–27,000 mD | 4500 mD | |
Wasia | |||
Transmissivity, T | [26] | 1.7 × 10−3–9.0 × 10−2 m2/s | 3.3 × 10−2 m2/s |
[27] | n/a | 3.2 × 10−2 m2/s | |
[28] | 1.5 × 10−2–9.7 × 10−2 m2/s | n/a | |
Hydraulic conductivity, K | [26] | 2.5 × 10−4–4.5 × 10−4 m/s | 3.0 × 10−4 m/s |
[27] | 1.5 × 10−4–4.9 × 10−4 m/s | 3.2 × 10−4 m/s | |
Storage coefficient, S | [26] | 2.3 × 10−4–9.0 × 10−4 | 4.9 × 10−4 |
[27] | n/a | 2.3 × 10−7 | |
[28] | n/a | 2.0 × 10−4 | |
Specific yield, Sy | [26] | - | 5–15% (estimated) |
Porosity, Φ | [25] | 3.3–41.3% | 29.46% |
[26] | 19–40% | 31% | |
[29] | 7–37% | 30% | |
Permeability, k | [25] | 0.7–15,388 mD | 2994 mD |
[26] | 240–11,100 mD | 2500 mD | |
[29] | 2000–27,000 mD | 4500 mD |
Well | pH | T | EC | TDS | TH | Na+ | K+ | Mg2+ | Ca2+ | HCO3− | F− | Cl− | NO2− | Br− | NO3− | SO42− | PO43− | Li | B | Co | Mn | V | Zn | Fe | As | Ni | Cu | Mo | 3H | δ15N | δ18O | Water Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | °C | µS/cm | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | µg/L | ± 0.8 T.U. | AIR ± 0.5‰ | VSMOW ± 1‰ | ||
WB01 | 7.3 | 31.9 | 6809 | 5860 | 1850 | 433 | 4.19 | 159 | 479 | 188 | 1.8 | 1170 | ND | 5.5 | 358 | 1330 | ND | 0.9 | 1150 | 0.81 | 3.05 | 3.24 | 5.52 | 3040 | 0.23 | 0.51 | 1.65 | 7.39 | <0.8 | 5.9 | 25.8 | Ca–SO4 |
WB02 | 7.5 | 32.5 | 8007 | 7330 | 2740 | 359 | 4.43 | 212 | 747 | 77.0 | 1.7 | 1690 | ND | 5.9 | 359 | 974 | ND | ND | 449 | 1.10 | 4.24 | 3.87 | 3.32 | 4120 | 0.27 | ND | 1.72 | 4.05 | <0.8 | 7.1 | 24.2 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB03 | 7.6 | 30.5 | 8673 | 7710 | 2890 | 462 | 6.97 | 244 | 756 | 89.0 | 1.8 | 1840 | ND | 6.0 | 395 | 1190 | ND | ND | 783 | 1.00 | 8.83 | 2.60 | ND | 4050 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 2.74 | 3.71 | 0.98 | 5.8 | 24.6 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB04 | 7.6 | 36.9 | 2317 | 1990 | 686 | 123 | 6.36 | 57.3 | 180 | 161 | 1.2 | 362 | ND | 2.6 | 3.26 | 405 | ND | 0.5 | 328 | 0.41 | 88.2 | 0.15 | 1.96 | 1140 | ND | 0.92 | 11.15 | 2.96 | <0.8 | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WB05 | 7.6 | 28.4 | 3684 | 3370 | 1540 | 158 | 3.30 | 121 | 419 | 147 | 1.4 | 375 | ND | 2.3 | 25.3 | 1290 | ND | 0.5 | 465 | 0.54 | 4.33 | 2.30 | ND | 1870 | 0.09 | ND | 0.35 | 3.48 | <0.8 | 10.7 | 11.2 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB06 | 7.8 | 27.6 | 4246 | 3930 | 1670 | 207 | 5.69 | 138 | 441 | 118 | 1.6 | 449 | ND | 2.4 | 62.0 | 1440 | ND | 0.5 | 469 | 0.55 | 8.29 | 0.35 | 48.8 | 1990 | ND | ND | 2.75 | 6.78 | <0.8 | 6.6 | 9.5 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB07 | 7.9 | 31.9 | 1811 | 1580 | 734 | 67.0 | 1.98 | 60.1 | 195 | 150 | 1.5 | 164 | ND | ND | 4.97 | 558 | ND | 0.5 | 273 | 2.17 | 2.57 | 1.26 | ND | 702 | ND | 1.43 | 0.82 | 4.06 | <0.8 | 8.0 | 16.7 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB08 | 7.9 | 30.3 | 7585 | 6260 | 2160 | 552 | 10.9 | 177 | 576 | 187 | 1.8 | 1320 | ND | 5.5 | 175 | 1630 | ND | 0.9 | 1430 | 1.34 | 22.2 | 3.04 | ND | 2560 | 0.04 | 1.18 | 1.47 | 5.05 | 0.82 | 7.6 | 21.9 | Ca–SO4 |
WB09 | 7.7 | 30.9 | 3944 | 3320 | 1200 | 229 | 4.61 | 105 | 307 | 154 | 1.2 | 612 | ND | 2.7 | 111 | 779 | ND | 0.0 | 555 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 1.79 | 0.00 | 1110 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.69 | 3.45 | <0.8 | 6.5 | 23.4 | Ca–SO4 |
WB10 | 7.7 | 31.6 | 2271 | 1960 | 712 | 116 | 1.09 | 61.7 | 183 | 148 | 1.2 | 310 | ND | 2.3 | 47.5 | 414 | ND | 0.5 | 319 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 2.13 | 0.00 | 581 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 2.94 | <0.8 | 7.0 | 19.9 | Ca–SO4 |
WB11 | 7.7 | 32.4 | 3433 | 2900 | 1010 | 199 | 3.52 | 86.7 | 262 | 145 | 1.2 | 491 | ND | 2.5 | 97.4 | 682 | ND | 0.5 | 531 | 0.28 | 0.54 | 1.45 | 0.00 | 940 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 2.77 | <0.8 | 7.0 | 17.4 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB12 | 7.8 | 34.8 | 1487 | 1240 | 473 | 67.0 | 2.39 | 41.2 | 122 | 148 | 1.2 | 162 | ND | 1.2 | 8.54 | 278 | ND | 0.2 | 195 | 0.24 | 8.44 | 0.72 | 0.00 | 459 | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 4.19 | <0.8 | 9.7 | 13.5 | Ca–SO4 |
WB13 | 7.9 | 27.6 | 4387 | 3930 | 1650 | 224 | 4.79 | 138 | 434 | 119 | 1.6 | 480 | ND | 2.4 | 27.4 | 1450 | ND | 0.0 | 535 | 0.42 | 2.31 | 1.93 | 4.87 | 1640 | 0.09 | 0.71 | 0.41 | 5.06 | <0.8 | 10.8 | 13.5 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB14 | 8.0 | 28.1 | 3711 | 3310 | 1440 | 167 | 3.41 | 112 | 394 | 145 | 1.5 | 380 | ND | 2.3 | 28.9 | 1220 | ND | 0.5 | 383 | 0.46 | 6.20 | 1.35 | 40.7 | 1700 | 0.08 | 0.85 | 1.93 | 5.39 | <0.8 | 9.9 | 13.0 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB15 | 7.7 | 34.2 | 3458 | 2900 | 1070 | 184 | 2.80 | 84.1 | 291 | 140 | 1.2 | 516 | ND | 2.7 | 76.7 | 681 | ND | 0.5 | 363 | 0.29 | 1.04 | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1140 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 3.21 | <0.8 | 5.5 | 18.5 | Ca–SO4 |
WB16 | 7.8 | 31.9 | 3327 | 2850 | 1030 | 159 | 3.55 | 83.7 | 273 | 143 | 1.2 | 497 | ND | 2.8 | 63.1 | 591 | ND | 0.5 | 278 | 0.23 | ND | 0.67 | ND | 870 | ND | 0.35 | 0.11 | 7.11 | <0.8 | 5.9 | 20.6 | Ca–SO4 |
WB17 | 7.9 | 29.0 | 2912 | 2540 | 1120 | 122 | 3.11 | 87.9 | 304 | 142 | 1.6 | 282 | ND | 2.2 | 36.8 | 906 | ND | 0.5 | 338 | 0.64 | ND | 0.72 | ND | 989 | ND | ND | 0.37 | 5.08 | <0.8 | 7.9 | 13.2 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB18 | 7.7 | 29.7 | 2595 | 2250 | 999 | 103 | 1.84 | 76.6 | 274 | 142 | 1.6 | 233 | ND | 2.2 | 21.5 | 831 | ND | ND | 293 | 0.26 | 17.7 | 0.23 | ND | 960 | ND | ND | 1.43 | 4.32 | <0.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB19 | 7.9 | 30.1 | 5588 | 4940 | 1810 | 289 | 3.37 | 148 | 482 | 109 | 1.8 | 1030 | ND | 5.0 | 206 | 923 | ND | ND | 516 | 0.43 | 1.36 | 3.64 | ND | 1630 | 0.22 | ND | 0.58 | 3.87 | <0.8 | 5.7 | 21.7 | Ca–SO4–Cl |
WB20 | 7.9 | 30.7 | 1680 | 1450 | 535 | 76.0 | 1.38 | 47.2 | 137 | 118 | 1.3 | 201 | ND | ND | 18.4 | 328 | ND | 0.4 | 246 | 0.09 | 2.83 | 3.20 | ND | 419 | 0.30 | ND | 0.50 | 5.01 | <0.8 | 7.9 | 17.8 | Ca–SO4 |
WA01 | 7.5 | 35.0 | 1536 | 1100 | 449 | 115 | 5.47 | 36.7 | 119 | 165 | 1.0 | 136 | ND | 0.96 | 2.41 | 237 | ND | 66.3 | 334 | 0.42 | 1.27 | 2.25 | ND | 68.2 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.42 | 7.62 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA02 | 7.2 | 36.0 | 2504 | 1990 | 694 | 215 | 5.53 | 59.9 | 179 | 169 | 0.85 | 272 | ND | 1.14 | 9.54 | 417 | ND | 68.5 | 467 | 0.60 | 2.48 | 2.30 | 1.7 | 72.8 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.89 | 4.38 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA03 | 6.8 | 32.5 | 5255 | 4920 | 1690 | 395 | 7.40 | 134 | 457 | 168 | 1.4 | 780 | ND | 2.94 | 25.2 | 754 | ND | 71.4 | 399 | 1.50 | 20.9 | 3.03 | ND | 110 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 1.98 | 3.37 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA04 | 7.2 | 29.5 | 3746 | 3180 | 1400 | 288 | 5.30 | 111 | 380 | 169 | 1.6 | 304 | ND | 1.85 | 6.86 | 1200 | ND | 53.8 | 407 | 1.68 | 7.90 | 0.84 | 36.3 | 83.7 | 0.04 | 1.01 | 1.83 | 5.90 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA05 | 7.3 | 32.0 | 2237 | 1720 | 642 | 187 | 4.35 | 53.4 | 169 | 193 | 0.87 | 239 | ND | 1.14 | 8.25 | 349 | ND | 51.3 | 325 | 0.44 | 0.05 | 2.73 | 2.66 | 33.7 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 3.97 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA06 | 7.4 | 31.5 | 2170 | 1820 | 747 | 147 | 11.3 | 57.6 | 204 | 153 | 1.13 | 161 | 0.2 | 1.03 | 94.0 | 562 | 8.7 | 34.6 | 375 | 1.88 | 1.21 | 1.82 | 0.91 | 38.8 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.94 | 6.49 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA07 | 6.9 | 32.3 | 2440 | 2070 | 904 | 169 | 5.59 | 72.7 | 242 | 160 | 1.07 | 175 | 0.1 | 1.01 | 1.90 | 725 | 7.3 | 40.9 | 380 | 0.88 | 1.27 | 0.52 | ND | 41.4 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 1.09 | 5.37 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA08 | 6.9 | 31.4 | 1310 | 1860 | 754 | 207 | 6.96 | 62.1 | 200 | 68 | 1.25 | 186 | 0.2 | 1.05 | 1.94 | 625 | ND | 14.8 | 161 | 2.74 | 1.71 | 0.37 | 2.82 | 87.3 | 0.02 | 1.72 | 0.10 | 1.13 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA09 | 7.2 | 32.8 | 2970 | 2420 | 869 | 254 | 6.71 | 70.6 | 232 | 167 | 0.87 | 348 | 0.1 | 1.45 | 10.3 | 500 | ND | 81.6 | 418 | 0.73 | 0.22 | 2.90 | 0.00 | 39.6 | 0.22 | 0.31 | 1.04 | 5.58 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA10 | 7.3 | 35.5 | 1970 | 1500 | 566 | 152 | 6.70 | 45.4 | 152 | 153 | 0.89 | 212 | 0.1 | 1.31 | <1 | 304 | ND | 78.2 | 299 | 1.02 | 32.3 | 0.19 | 1.45 | 38.9 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.64 | 18.9 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA11 | 7.7 | 35.8 | 2360 | 1780 | 746 | 185 | 11.5 | 59.9 | 200 | 179 | 0.74 | 237 | 0.2 | 1.32 | <1 | 463 | ND | 44.3 | 134 | 0.19 | 20.2 | 0.08 | ND | 18.3 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.86 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA12 | 7.5 | 36.7 | 2310 | 1810 | 680 | 207 | 6.60 | 59.2 | 175 | 164 | 0.92 | 256 | ND | 1.19 | 7.97 | 419 | ND | 68.4 | 429 | 0.53 | 1.18 | 3.19 | ND | 20.5 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.94 | 4.67 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
WA14 | 7.4 | 28.5 | 4040 | 3580 | 1510 | 329 | 7.22 | 118 | 411 | 137 | 1.91 | 335 | ND | 2.25 | 14.7 | 1260 | ND | 86.8 | 693 | 3.60 | 5.09 | 1.41 | ND | 114 | 0.05 | 1.54 | 2.59 | 10.4 | - | - | - | Ca–SO4 |
WA15 | 7.7 | 31.4 | 2240 | 1720 | 639 | 201 | 5.42 | 53.0 | 168 | 164 | 0.97 | 244 | 0.1 | 1.12 | 8.16 | 377 | ND | 63.2 | 403 | 0.52 | 0.36 | 4.02 | ND | 52.9 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.98 | 5.13 | - | - | - | Ca–Na–SO4–Cl |
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Khogali, A.; Birkle, P.; Al-Shaibani, A.; Keller, M.; Tawabini, B.; Makkawi, M. Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia. Water 2020, 12, 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051479
Khogali A, Birkle P, Al-Shaibani A, Keller M, Tawabini B, Makkawi M. Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia. Water. 2020; 12(5):1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051479
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhogali, Abid, Peter Birkle, Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani, Martin Keller, Bassam Tawabini, and Mohammad Makkawi. 2020. "Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia" Water 12, no. 5: 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051479
APA StyleKhogali, A., Birkle, P., Al-Shaibani, A., Keller, M., Tawabini, B., & Makkawi, M. (2020). Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia. Water, 12(5), 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051479