Induced Polarization as a Proxy for CO2-Rich Groundwater Detection—Evidences from the Ardennes, South-East of Belgium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Context
3. Experimental Sites
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Acquisition Parameters
4.2. Data Processing and Inversion
5. Results
5.1. Profile 1
5.2. Profile 2
5.3. Profile 3
6. Discussion
6.1. Iron Oxides and Hydroxides as Markers of CO-Rich Groundwater Circulation
6.2. Geoelectric Signature of CO-Rich Groundwater Circulation
7. Conclusions and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Sensitivity Distributions of ERT/TDIP Profiles
Appendix B. ERT/TDIP Anomalies Associated with Non-carbogaseous Groundwater
Appendix C. Effect of the Presence of the River
References
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Material Type | Chargeability (mV/V) | Material Type | Chargeability (mV/V) |
---|---|---|---|
Pyrrhotite | ∼10 | 20% Sulphides | 2000–3000 |
Pentlandite | ∼10 | 8%–20% Sulphides | 1000–2000 |
Pyrite | 13.4 | 2%–8% Sulphides | 500–1000 |
Copper | 12.3 | Volcanic tuffs | 300–800 |
Graphite | 11.2 | Sandstone, Siltstone | 100–500 |
Chalcopyrite | 9.4 | Dense volcanic rocks | 100–500 |
Magnetite | 2.2 | Shale | 50–100 |
Galena | 3.7 | Granite, Granodiorite | 10–50 |
Hematite | 0.0 | Limestone, Dolomite | 10–20 |
Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Length (m) | 315 | 615 | 315 |
♯ electrodes | 64 | 126 | 64 |
Electrode spacing (m) | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Presence of spring or abstraction well | Spring + Well (9 m/h) | Spring | Spring |
♯ iterations | 4 | 4 | 4 |
RMS resistivity (%) | 2.87 | 2.88 | 2.84 |
RMS chargeability (%) | 4.38 | 2.54 | 2.64 |
Parameter | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Type of spring | Well | Pouhon | Pouhon |
pH [-] | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.6 |
EC [S/cm] | 223 | 863 | 138 |
Eh [mV] | 107 | 81 | |
Ca2+ [mg/L] | 23.9 | 46.6 | 12.8 |
Mg2+ [mg/L] | 10.76 | 30.3 | 4.5 |
Na+ [mg/L] | 5.6 | 104 | 6.7 |
K+ [mg/L] | 1.07 | 5.09 | 0.82 |
[mg/L] | 7.1 | 9.8 | 8.6 |
- [mg/L] | 100 | 414 | 59 |
Fe total [mg/L] | 7.5 | 8.4 | 4.4 |
Mn total [mg/L] | 0.48 | 0.76 | 0.14 |
Dissolved [g/L] | 0.77 | 2.32 | 0.37 |
Dissolved [g/L] | 2.5 | 5.8 |
Reference | Context of Survey | Interpretation |
---|---|---|
[70] | Pb-Zn deposit | Sulphides (galena, sphalerite, pyrite and marcasite) |
[26] | manganese deposits | manganese deposits (pyrite, chalcopyrite),Fe oxides |
[71] | Gold exploration | Disseminated sulphides (pyrite, chalcopyrite),iron oxides |
[34] | Water exploration | Sand with heavy minerals |
[72] | Detecting cracks in clay rocks | 13% Pyrite in calcite rock |
[73] | Detection of ore bodies | |
[74] | Metalliferrous veins exploration | Presence of Barite and Galena |
[75] | Plutonic rock mineral exploration | Sulphure mineralizations |
[76] | Plutonic rock mineral exploration | Ore deposits |
[77] | Galena exploration | Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena |
[35] | Volcanic geothermal area | Pyrite, iron oxides |
[78] | Case study alluvial fans | High clay content |
[47] | Hydrocarbon contamination | Clayey silt |
[34] | Water exploration | Weathered rock leaching clay minerals |
[79] | Slope study | Clay |
[72] | Detecting cracks in clay rocks | Clay rocks |
[80] | Landfill characterization | Clayey till |
[52] | Mapping of lithotypes | Clay till |
[81] | Landfill characterization | Waste, plastic and metal |
[82] | Landfill characterization | Waste, soil with leachate |
[80] | Landfill characterization | Waste and leachate |
[83] | Landfill characterization | Waste |
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Defourny, A.; Nguyen, F.; Collignon, A.; Jobé, P.; Dassargues, A.; Kremer, T. Induced Polarization as a Proxy for CO2-Rich Groundwater Detection—Evidences from the Ardennes, South-East of Belgium. Water 2020, 12, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051394
Defourny A, Nguyen F, Collignon A, Jobé P, Dassargues A, Kremer T. Induced Polarization as a Proxy for CO2-Rich Groundwater Detection—Evidences from the Ardennes, South-East of Belgium. Water. 2020; 12(5):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051394
Chicago/Turabian StyleDefourny, Agathe, Frédéric Nguyen, Arnaud Collignon, Patrick Jobé, Alain Dassargues, and Thomas Kremer. 2020. "Induced Polarization as a Proxy for CO2-Rich Groundwater Detection—Evidences from the Ardennes, South-East of Belgium" Water 12, no. 5: 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051394