Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Field Measurements
2.3. Laboratory Analyses
2.4. Archival Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Surface Water Conductivity
3.2. Changes in the Conductivity of Bottom Waters
3.3. Conductivity Changes in the Water Column
3.4. Conductivity and Total Dissolved Ions
3.5. Spring Monitoring
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lake | Alt | A0 | V | zmax | z | WTR | Mixing Type | Hydrologic Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(m a.s.l.) | (ha) | (dam3) | (m) | (m) | (years) | |||
Błędne | 180.7 | 2.74 | 52.6 | 4.8 | 1.9 | – | polymictic | closed lake |
Boczniel | 227.6 | 19.17 | 243.2 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 24.271 | polymictic | semiclosed lake |
Gulbin | 147.7 | 7.38 | 254.7 | 9.1 | 3.5 | 0.023 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Hańcza | 227.5 | 303.56 | 118,648.0 | 105.6 | 39.1 | 14.070 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Jaczno | 163.9 | 40.64 | 3980.6 | 25.7 | 9.8 | 1.755 | dimictic/meromictic | flowthrough lake |
Jeglóweczek | 185.7 | 1.81 | 56.9 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 2.557 | meromictic | lake with outflow |
Jeglówek | 185.1 | 19.81 | 1835.2 | 27.7 | 9.9 | 7.139 | dimictic/meromictic | flowthrough lake |
Kamenduł | 161.0 | 25.26 | 1767.4 | 26.2 | 7.0 | 0.520 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Kluczysko | 186.4 | 3.67 | 199.7 | 13.8 | 5.4 | 1.845 | dimictic/meromictic | lake with outflow |
Kojle | 148.3 | 17.26 | 1679.4 | 32.3 | 9.7 | 6.858 | dimictic/meromictic | flowthrough lake |
Kopane | 179.0 | 16.15 | 918.4 | 18.8 | 5.7 | 0.354 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Krejwelek | 146.4 | 8.76 | 249.3 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 0.016 | polymictic | flowthrough lake |
Linówek | 199.7 | 2.85 | 67.6 | 5.9 | 2.4 | – | polymictic | closed lake |
Okrągłe | 146.9 | 15.03 | 645.9 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 0.041 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Perty | 148.3 | 19.51 | 1446.2 | 32.6 | 7.4 | 8.102 | dimictic/meromictic | flowthrough lake |
Pogorzełek | 236.4 | 5.79 | 340.8 | 17.6 | 5.9 | 29.609 | dimictic/meromictic | semiclosed lake |
Postawelek | 145.7 | 3.35 | 67.9 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.004 | polymictic | flowthrough lake |
Przechodnie | 146.0 | 23.89 | 747.2 | 5.4 | 3.1 | 0.046 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Purwin | 149.0 | 1.41 | 38.9 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 0.125 | polymictic | lake with outflow |
Purwinek | 148.0 | 0.44 | 6.8 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.054 | polymictic | flowthrough lake |
Szurpiły | 182.8 | 84.35 | 9450.8 | 47.1 | 11.2 | 5.852 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Udziejek | 153.6 | 7.01 | 230.7 | 6.9 | 3.3 | 0.067 | dimictic | flowthrough lake |
Wodziłki | 175.5 | 3.73 | 115.7 | 5.4 | 3.1 | – | polymictic | lake with inflow |
Lake | Surface (1 m below) | Bottom (1 m above) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Spring | Summer | Diff. | CV | Mean | Summer | CV | |
Błędne | 430 | 442 | 412 | 30 | 0.068 | 511 | 484 | 0.098 |
Boczniel | 178 | 186 | 171 | 15 | 0.109 | 190 | 180 | 0.164 |
Gulbin | 459 | 471 | 443 | 28 | 0.072 | 503 | 512 | 0.073 |
Hańcza | 277 | 284 | 268 | 16 | 0.048 | 294 | 286 | 0.041 |
Jaczno | 444 | 455 | 426 | 29 | 0.051 | 593 | 556 | 0.131 |
Jeglóweczek | 292 | 301 | 279 | 22 | 0.084 | 1943 | 1945 | 0.075 |
Jeglówek | 335 | 342 | 327 | 15 | 0.062 | 503 | 503 | 0.030 |
Kamenduł | 448 | 466 | 420 | 46 | 0.064 | 505 | 501 | 0.052 |
Kluczysko | 431 | 456 | 390 | 66 | 0.114 | 576 | 574 | 0.058 |
Kojle | 372 | 385 | 349 | 36 | 0.062 | 454 | 447 | 0.047 |
Kopane | 368 | 382 | 345 | 37 | 0.067 | 434 | 433 | 0.085 |
Krejwelek | 444 | 459 | 420 | 39 | 0.080 | 498 | 530 | 0.098 |
Linówek | 221 | 227 | 211 | 16 | 0.072 | 259 | 246 | 0.131 |
Okrągłe | 444 | 459 | 421 | 38 | 0.077 | 494 | 537 | 0.098 |
Perty | 357 | 365 | 347 | 18 | 0.056 | 438 | 432 | 0.047 |
Pogorzełek | 178 | 182 | 173 | 9 | 0.067 | 317 | 284 | 0.088 |
Postawelek | 439 | 453 | 416 | 37 | 0.085 | 459 | 438 | 0.081 |
Przechodnie | 434 | 450 | 403 | 47 | 0.095 | 457 | 444 | 0.102 |
Purwin | 493 | 506 | 474 | 32 | 0.058 | 516 | 493 | 0.068 |
Purwinek | 522 | 542 | 487 | 55 | 0.070 | 535 | 503 | 0.072 |
Szurpiły | 362 | 375 | 342 | 33 | 0.053 | 399 | 394 | 0.055 |
Udziejek | 393 | 402 | 378 | 24 | 0.071 | 444 | 469 | 0.081 |
Wodziłki | 492 | 509 | 465 | 44 | 0.068 | 495 | 471 | 0.069 |
Lake | EC(25 °C) | Ca | Mg | Na | K | HCO3 | SO4 | Cl | TDI | TDI/EC(25 °C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Błędne | 413.0 | 58.1 | 11.4 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 229.1 | 9.7 | 3.8 | 318.2 | 0.77 |
Boczniel | 171.4 | 25.0 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 93.5 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 128.0 | 0.75 |
Gulbin | 447.0 | 64.3 | 12.3 | 5.1 | 1.6 | 254.2 | 10.3 | 3.1 | 350.9 | 0.79 |
Hańcza | 272.4 | 38.3 | 6.9 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 142.1 | 6.2 | 1.6 | 199.0 | 0.73 |
Jaczno | 436.4 | 61.1 | 12.8 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 246.2 | 10.2 | 3.4 | 339.9 | 0.78 |
Jeglóweczek | 293.8 | 43.2 | 7.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 | 163.9 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 224.4 | 0.76 |
Jeglówek | 330.9 | 45.9 | 9.1 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 182.5 | 6.1 | 2.2 | 250.7 | 0.76 |
Kamenduł | 439.3 | 61.5 | 12.8 | 4.7 | 1.6 | 243.1 | 9.3 | 3.5 | 336.5 | 0.77 |
Kluczysko | 417.6 | 60.1 | 11.8 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 236.5 | 10.1 | 3.3 | 328.4 | 0.79 |
Kojle | 366.4 | 50.8 | 10.4 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 205.1 | 7.0 | 2.9 | 282.1 | 0.77 |
Kopane | 360.1 | 49.7 | 10.7 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 200.9 | 9.4 | 2.6 | 278.9 | 0.77 |
Krejwelek | 429.4 | 61.4 | 12.0 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 244.6 | 10.0 | 3.3 | 337.7 | 0.79 |
Linówek | 218.3 | 31.4 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 121.0 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 165.9 | 0.76 |
Okrągłe | 430.3 | 62.6 | 11.9 | 4.9 | 1.5 | 245.6 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 338.6 | 0.79 |
Perty | 352.6 | 49.7 | 9.8 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 197.9 | 6.2 | 2.7 | 272.0 | 0.77 |
Pogorzełek | 172.7 | 25.1 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 94.1 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 128.9 | 0.75 |
Postawelek | 418.7 | 61.3 | 11.6 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 235.2 | 8.0 | 3.6 | 325.5 | 0.78 |
Przechodnie | 418.0 | 61.1 | 11.6 | 4.7 | 1.5 | 236.6 | 8.9 | 3.7 | 328.1 | 0.78 |
Purwin | 473.0 | 69.4 | 12.0 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 276.4 | 10.5 | 3.9 | 379.3 | 0.80 |
Purwinek | 503.0 | 72.5 | 13.5 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 285.3 | 12.4 | 4.0 | 394.8 | 0.78 |
Szurpiły | 356.7 | 49.0 | 10.5 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 192.9 | 8.8 | 2.5 | 269.3 | 0.75 |
Udziejek | 380.1 | 53.1 | 11.3 | 4.7 | 1.6 | 213.9 | 9.0 | 2.6 | 296.2 | 0.78 |
Wodziłki | 467.0 | 65.7 | 12.3 | 5.1 | 1.7 | 268.3 | 8.8 | 3.9 | 365.8 | 0.78 |
Model Type | Model | R2 | p | N |
---|---|---|---|---|
EC(25 °C) = f (T) | EC(25 °C) = 12.035 T + 292.4 | 0.134 | 0.476 | 6 |
EC(25 °C) = f (PP) | EC(25 °C) = 0.077 PP + 338.4 | 0.109 | 0.524 | 6 |
EC(25 °C) = f (T,PP) | EC(25 °C) = 41.495 T + 0.291 PP − 101.5 | 0.867 | 0.047 | 6 |
EC(25 °C)LH = f (T,PP) | EC(25 °C)LH = 11.416 T + 0.041 PP + 169.2 | 0.694 | 0.003 | 13 |
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Borowiak, M.; Borowiak, D.; Nowiński, K. Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park. Water 2020, 12, 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051277
Borowiak M, Borowiak D, Nowiński K. Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park. Water. 2020; 12(5):1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051277
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorowiak, Magdalena, Dariusz Borowiak, and Kamil Nowiński. 2020. "Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park" Water 12, no. 5: 1277. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051277