Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Water Demand and Availability and Reuse Applications
3. Health and Safety including Water Treatment
4. Governance
5. Feasibility of the Proposed Regulation for a Specific Water Reuse Case
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ISO Guidelines 20426, 20468, 20469 (2018) |
WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater (2006, revision ongoing) |
WHO’s Guidance of potable reuse (2017) |
USEPA Guidelines for water reuse (2012) |
US and California’s Title 22 (updated in 2015) |
Colorado incorporated water reuse in regulatory framework (no other states or US federal rules) |
US federal regulation Food Safety Modernisation Act (2017) (relevant for crop irrigation in Latin America) |
Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling (2006) |
Oman national guidelines for water reuse |
National standards of EU Member States (e.g. Spain Royal Decree 1620/2007) |
EU Minimum requirements for water reuse in agriculture (legislation in consultation phase) |
United Arab Emirates develops legal framework for water reuse (feasibility studies ongoing) |
Saudi Arabia restructured water-related organizations and ministries to clarify responsibilities |
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Dingemans, M.M.L.; Smeets, P.W.M.H.; Medema, G.; Frijns, J.; Raat, K.J.; van Wezel, A.P.; Bartholomeus, R.P. Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits. Water 2020, 12, 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051264
Dingemans MML, Smeets PWMH, Medema G, Frijns J, Raat KJ, van Wezel AP, Bartholomeus RP. Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits. Water. 2020; 12(5):1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051264
Chicago/Turabian StyleDingemans, Milou M. L., Patrick W. M. H. Smeets, Gertjan Medema, Jos Frijns, Klaasjan J. Raat, Annemarie P. van Wezel, and Ruud P. Bartholomeus. 2020. "Responsible Water Reuse Needs an Interdisciplinary Approach to Balance Risks and Benefits" Water 12, no. 5: 1264. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051264