Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Analysis of Meteo-Hydrological Changes
2.3.2. Estimating the Impact of Climate Variability and Human Activities on Runoff
2.3.3. Runoff Generation Pattern
2.3.4. Antecedent Precipitation Index
2.3.5. Watershed Water Storage Capacity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of Meteo-Hydrologic Changes
3.2. Characteristics of LUCC (Land Use and Cover Changes)
3.3. Correlation of Rainfall-Runoff
3.4. Diagnostic Analysis of the Runoff Generation Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Forms | F(ϕ) | F′(ϕ) |
---|---|---|
Budyko | [ϕtanh(1/ϕ)(1 − e−ϕ)]0.5 | 0.5[ϕtanh(1/ϕ)(1 − e-ϕ)]0.5 × [(tanh(1/ϕ) − sech2(1/ϕ)/ϕ)(1 − e-ϕ) + ϕtanh(1/ϕ) e−ϕ] |
Turc-Pike | (1 + ϕ−2)−0.5 | 1/ϕ3 [(1 + (1/ϕ)2)1.5] |
Fubaopu | 1 + ϕ − (1 + ϕα)1/α | 1 − (1 + ϕα)1/α − 1ϕα − 1 |
Zhang | (1 + ωϕ)/(1 + ωϕ + 1/ϕ) | (ω + 2ω/ϕ−1 + 1/ ϕ2)/(1 + ωϕ + 1/ϕ)2 |
Type | Composition of Runoff | Impact Factors | Type | Composition of Runoff | Impact Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | R = Rs | P, E, W0, i | 6 | R = Rsat + Rint | P, E, W0, i |
2 | R = Rs + Rg | P, E, W0 | 7 | R = Rsat + Rint + Rg | P, E, W0 |
3 | R = Rg | P, E, W0 | 8 | R = Rint | P, E, W0, i |
4 | R = Rs + Rint | P, E, W0, i | 9 | R = Rint + Rg | P, E, W0 |
5 | R = Rs + Rint + Rg | P, E, W0 |
Objects | Excess Saturation Runoff | Excess Infiltration Runoff |
---|---|---|
Average annual rainfall | P > 1000 mm | P < 400 mm |
Runoff coefficient | >0.4 | <0.2 |
Symmetry of Flow Process Line | High | Low |
Impacts of rainfall intensity | Low | High |
Influencing factors of flow | Pa, P | Pa, i |
Surface soil structure | Loose | Compact |
Water shortage capacity | Small | Big |
Proportion of Rg | High | Low |
Relativity | Related to P | Related to i |
Variables | ZC | Significant | Mean Value (mm) | Change (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1965–1997 | 1998–2010 | ||||
P | −0.08 | ns | 427.1 | 402.4 | −2.5 |
E0 | −0.29 | ns | 2426.3 | 2410.7 | −0.0 |
R | −4.53 | ** | 60.5 | 13.9 | −77.0 |
Variables | Budyko | Turc-Pike | Fubaopu | Zhang | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
εP | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
ΔRC (mm) | −6.8 | −7.0 | −6.3 | −6.0 | −6.5 |
ΔRH (mm) | −39.8 | −39.6 | −40.3 | −40.6 | −40.1 |
ΔRC (%) | 14.6 | 15.1 | 13.5 | 12.9 | 13.9 |
ΔRH (%) | 85.4 | 84.9 | 86.5 | 87.1 | 86.1 |
Type | Farmland (km2) | Forest (km2) | Grass (km2) | Water (km2) | Urban Construction (km2) | Sum (km2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | |||||||
1976 | 413.68 | 65.47 | 774.55 | 12.28 | 6.02 | 1272 | |
1996 | 405.94 | 48.41 | 800.32 | 12.82 | 4.51 | 1272 | |
2006 | 389.16 | 83.69 | 779.94 | 12.16 | 7.05 | 1272 | |
Average | 402.93 | 65.85 | 784.94 | 12.42 | 5.86 | 1272 | |
Proportion (%) | 31.68 | 5.18 | 61.71 | 0.97 | 0.46 | 100 |
Characteristics | 1965–1997 | 1998–2010 | Change (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mean rainfall duration (h) | 12.3 | 17.3 | 40.7 |
Mean rainfall (mm) | 47.9 | 38.0 | −20.7 |
Mean flood duration (h) | 47.6 | 53.8 | 13.0 |
Mean peak flow (m3/s) | 1480.6 | 314.7 | −78.7 |
Pattern | Excess Infiltration Runoff | Excess Saturation Runoff | Mixed Runoff | Sum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | |||||
First stage 1965–1997 | 76 (68.46%) | 1 (0.10%) | 34 (30.63%) | 111 (100%) | |
Second stage 1998–2010 | 11 (45.83%) | 3 (12.50%) | 10 (41.67%) | 24 (100%) | |
Sum | 87 (64.44%) | 4 (2.96%) | 44 (32.60%) | 135 (100%) |
Items | 1965–1997 | 1998–2010 | Change (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Forest areas (km2) | 55.94 | 83.69 | 49.61 |
Annual minimum flow (m3/s) | 1.01 | 1.40 | 32.67 |
Minimum daily flow in flood season (m3/s) | 1.93 | 2.78 | 44.04 |
Mean precipitation before generate flow (mm) | 9.7 | 18.5 | 90.72 |
Duration of flood recession (h) | 14.32 | 21.54 | 50.42 |
Catchment water storage capacity (mm) | 73.17 | 95.38 | 30.35 |
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Hu, C.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Q.; Soomro, S.-e.-h.; Jian, S. Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin. Water 2020, 12, 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051237
Hu C, Zhang L, Wu Q, Soomro S-e-h, Jian S. Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin. Water. 2020; 12(5):1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051237
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Caihong, Li Zhang, Qiang Wu, Shan-e-hyder Soomro, and Shengqi Jian. 2020. "Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin" Water 12, no. 5: 1237. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051237