Studying the Wake of an Island in a Macro-Tidal Estuary
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. In Situ Data Collection
2.2. Modelling System and the Turbulence Models
2.3. Model Setup
2.4. Analysis Tools
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Model Calibration and Validation
3.2. Comparison of Turbulence Schemes
3.3. Comparison of Different k-ε Solvers
3.4. Model Comparison with ADCP Data
3.5. The Evolution of Wake in the Lee of Island
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Time (GMT) | Measure Route | Date | Time (GMT) | Measure Route |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 July 2011 | 09:05 | A1 | 1 August 2011 | 09:27 | A4 |
09:49 | A1 | 09:55 | A3 | ||
11:00 | A1 | 10:08 | A2 | ||
11:34 | A1 | 10:40 | A1 | ||
12:29 | A1 | 11:04 | A4 | ||
13:00 | A1 | 11:20 | A3 | ||
13:39 | A1 | 11:40 | A2 | ||
14:22 | A1 | 12:02 | A1 | ||
15:00 | A1 | 30 September 2011 | 09:37 | A2 | |
16:38 | A1 | 10:56 | A1 | ||
7 July 2011 | 15:10 | A2 | 11:49 | A2 | |
15:47 | A2 | 12:33 | A1 | ||
16:55 | B1 | ||||
15:37 | B1 | ||||
18:50 | D1 | ||||
19:31 | D1 |
Water Level Statistical Analysis | ||
Site | Coefficient of Determination (R2) | Root Mean Squared Error RMSE (m) |
Avonmouth | 0.992 | 0.359 |
Hinkley | 0.988 | 0.351 |
Mumbles | 0.964 | 0.420 |
Newport | 0.932 | 0.767 |
ADCP L1 | 0.99 | 0.260 |
ADCP L2 | 0.993 | 0.213 |
ADCP L3 | 0.992 | 0.232 |
ADCP L4 | 0.992 | 0.231 |
ADCP L5 | 0.993 | 0.214 |
Swansea Bay ADCPs Measured Velocity Magnitude | ||
Site | Mean Absolute Error (MAE(m/s)) | Relative Mean Absolute Error (RMAE) |
ADCP L1 | 0.122 | 0.222 |
ADCP L2 | 0.083 | 0.145 |
ADCP L3 | 0.057 | 0.142 |
ADCP L4 | 0.045 | 0.191 |
ADCP L5 | 0.076 | 0.230 |
Tidal Gauges | Data Classification | M2 Amplitude (m) | M2 Phase (deg) | S2 Amplitude (m) | S2 Phase (deg) | N2 Amplitude (m) | N2 Phase (deg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mumbles | Observation | 3.16 | 59.98 | 1.25 | 227.95 | 0.37 | 282.18 |
Prediction | 3.17 | 57.49 | 1.22 | 225.58 | 0.49 | 271.09 | |
Difference | 0.56% | −4.15% | −2.82% | −1.04% | 33.26% | −3.93% | |
Hinkley | Observation | 3.97 | 66.84 | 1.58 | 243.97 | 0.63 | 285.55 |
Prediction | 4.03 | 65.56 | 1.55 | 238.59 | 0.61 | 283.40 | |
Difference | 1.49% | −1.94% | −2.15% | −2.26% | −2.18% | −0.76% | |
Newport | Observation | 4.18 | 86.51 | 1.65 | 267.42 | 0.63 | 307.12 |
Prediction | 4.26 | 78.43 | 1.62 | 254.62 | 0.64 | 298.68 | |
Difference | 1.96% | −9.35% | −1.63% | −4.79% | 1.57% | −2.75% | |
Avonmouth | Observation | 4.30 | 91.48 | 1.69 | 274.06 | 0.67 | 313.47 |
Prediction | 4.29 | 86.04 | 1.60 | 264.46 | 0.64 | 308.15 | |
Difference | −0.38% | −5.96% | −5.45% | −3.50% | −4.83% | −1.70% |
Scenario | Turbulence Model | MAE (m/s) | RMAE |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Constant viscosity model | 0.3744 | 0.3672 |
2 | Elder model | 0.3950 | 0.3705 |
3 | k-ε model | 0.3597 | 0.3266 |
4 | Smagorinski model | 0.3735 | 0.3708 |
Scenario | Solver in Telemac-2D Model with k-ε Turbulence Model | MAE | RMAE |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Conjugate Gradient | 0.3597 | 0.3266 |
2 | Conjugate Residual | 0.3420 | 0.3129 |
3 | Conjugate Gradient on Normal Equation | 0.3556 | 0.3254 |
4 | Minimum Error | 0.3625 | 0.3298 |
5 | Squared Conjugate Gradient | 0.3607 | 0.3274 |
6 | BICGSTAB (Biconjugate Stabilized Gradient) | 0.3535 | 0.3231 |
7 | GMRES (Generalised Minimum Residual) | 0.3544 | 0.3251 |
Figure | Moment | U0 (m/s) | D (m) | Kz (m2 s−1) | L (m) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 9a | HW | 0.42 | 16.2 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.79 |
Figure 9b | HW + 0.5 h | 0.51 | 15.4 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.86 |
Figure 9c | HW + 1.0 h | 0.67 | 14.6 | 0.2 | 700 | 1.02 |
Figure 9d | HW + 1.5 h | 0.82 | 14.1 | 0.2 | 700 | 1.16 |
Figure 9e | HW + 2.0 h | 1.05 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 700 | 1.37 |
Figure 9f | HW + 3.0 h | 1.09 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 700 | 1.34 |
Figure 10a | LW | 0.62 | 8.5 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.32 |
Figure 10b | LW + 0.5 h | 0.68 | 9.3 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.42 |
Figure 10c | LW + 1.0 h | 0.79 | 9.9 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.55 |
Figure 10d | LW + 1.5 h | 0.95 | 10.6 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.76 |
Figure 10e | LW + 2.0 h | 0.89 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 700 | 0.90 |
Figure 10f | LW + 3.0 h | 1.1 | 12.4 | 0.2 | 700 | 1.21 |
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Guo, B.; Ahmadian, R.; Evans, P.; Falconer, R.A. Studying the Wake of an Island in a Macro-Tidal Estuary. Water 2020, 12, 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051225
Guo B, Ahmadian R, Evans P, Falconer RA. Studying the Wake of an Island in a Macro-Tidal Estuary. Water. 2020; 12(5):1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051225
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Bin, Reza Ahmadian, Paul Evans, and Roger A. Falconer. 2020. "Studying the Wake of an Island in a Macro-Tidal Estuary" Water 12, no. 5: 1225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051225