The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Hydrological and Climate Data
2.2.2. Groundwater Table Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Trend-Free Pre-Whitening (TFPW)-Mann–Kendall Test
2.3.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient
2.3.3. Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT)
2.3.4. Wavelet Transform Coherence (WTC)
3. Results
3.1. Climate Change
3.2. Human Groundwater Demand and Pumping
3.3. Temporal and Spatial Variation of Groundwater Depth
3.4. Driving Factors of Groundwater Depth Changes
4. Discussion
4.1. Drivers of Change in and Sustainability of the Groundwater System
4.2. Comparison with Other Studies in Groundwater Level Drivers
4.3. Key Lessons, Limitations, and Prospects
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The annual precipitation changed slowly, the overall trend showed an increasing trend, and the possible abrupt change points of the annual precipitation sequence appeared in 1984. Moreover, the overall trend of temperature was increasing, and the regional climate was warming; possible abrupt change points of the annual average temperature sequence appeared in 1993. Furthermore, groundwater consumption increased, with the majority used for agricultural consumption.
- (2)
- The groundwater depth of both unconfined and confined water was increasing, and there were slight differences in groundwater changes in different hydrogeological zones. There was no abrupt change point in unconfined water depth from 2007–2017, and the abrupt change point in confined water depth occurred in 2011.
- (3)
- The biggest impact on groundwater depth was precipitation and mining volume. The lag time of groundwater depth response to precipitation was about 9–14 months, and agricultural water had the biggest impact on groundwater depth. In the future, agricultural water-saving facilities should be promoted in similar areas, and multiple sources of water should be used instead of groundwater for agricultural irrigation.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Climatic Factor | Value | |
---|---|---|
Precipitation (mm) | Average | 305.90 |
Max | 465.20 | |
Min | 161.20 | |
Evaporation (mm) | Average | 2273.80 |
Max | 2793.20 | |
Min | 1960.00 | |
Temperature (°C) | Average | 7.80 |
Max | 39.20 | |
Min | −31.40 | |
Sunshine (h) | Average | 2873.06 |
Max | 3167.00 | |
Min | 2576.70 | |
Wind speed (m/s) | Average | 9.75 |
Max | 21.30 | |
Min | 4.10 |
Hydrogeological Area CODE | Unconfined Aquifer | Confined Aquifer | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth/m | Thickness/m | Lithology | Depth/m | Thickness/m | Lithology | |
I | Low mountain hills hydrological address area | |||||
I | 3–10 | 5–20 | Gneiss-based | – | – | – |
II | Piedmont Plain hydrogeological area | |||||
II-1 | 3–40 | 10–25 | The lithology of the upper and middle layers is gravel and pebble layer, mixed with medium-fine sand and cohesive soil, the particle size is poorly sorted, and the lower part is coarse sand and medium-fine sand. | 70–110 | 20–50 | Most of them are gravel, and the edges are coarse, medium, or fine sand. |
II-2 | 3–40 | 5–30 | The area is dominated by gravel, with coarse sand, medium-fine sand, and fine sand distributed on the western and southwestern edges. | 90–110 | 20–70 | The area is mainly composed of gravel and sand eggs, and the lower and edges are medium-coarse sand and medium-fine sand. |
II-3 | 3–30 | 2–8 | Mainly medium-coarse sand, medium-fine sand, and fine sand. | 50–70 | 10–30 | The main lithology is gravel. |
II-4 | 10–30 | 5–20 | The southern edge is medium-coarse sand and medium-fine sand, and the rest are all gravel layers. | 20–40 | 70–90 | The north is mostly gravel, while the south is mainly medium-thick and medium-fine sand. |
II-5 | 10–30 | 15–20 | The entire sector is composed of coarse-grained gravel. | – | – | – |
II-6 | 5–30 | 25 | The entire fan-shaped ground is composed of coarse-grained gravel. | – | – | – |
III | Hydrogeological area of the Yellow River Alluvial Plain | |||||
III-1 | 3–5 | 30–50 | Some are gravel or gravel sand, and the remaining sections are mainly medium-fine sand and silty sand, followed by silt. | – | – | – |
III-2 | 1–3 | 10–40 | Some areas are medium-coarse sand and medium-fine sand, and other areas are fine sand and fine sand. | 0–3 | 10–20 | Medium coarse sand, medium-fine sand, or silt. |
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Cui, Y.; Liao, Z.; Wei, Y.; Xu, X.; Song, Y.; Liu, H. The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China. Water 2020, 12, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041078
Cui Y, Liao Z, Wei Y, Xu X, Song Y, Liu H. The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China. Water. 2020; 12(4):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041078
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Yingjie, Zilong Liao, Yongfu Wei, Xiaomin Xu, Yifan Song, and Huiwen Liu. 2020. "The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China" Water 12, no. 4: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041078
APA StyleCui, Y., Liao, Z., Wei, Y., Xu, X., Song, Y., & Liu, H. (2020). The Response of Groundwater Level to Climate Change and Human Activities in Baotou City, China. Water, 12(4), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12041078