Combined Application of Real-Time Control and Green Technologies to Urban Drainage Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pilot Catchment and Datasets
2.2. Hydraulic Model
2.2.1. Input Data
Rainfall
Dry Weather Flow
2.2.2. Green Roofs
2.2.3. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs)
2.2.4. End-of-Pipe Solutions: Storm Detention Tanks
2.3. RTC Strategy Design
2.3.1. Identification of Control Locations
2.3.2. RTC Modeling
2.4. Scenario Development
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Name | Description | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity | N-imperv | Manning coefficient for impervious area | - | 0.02 |
Quantity | N-perv | Manning coefficient for pervious area | - | 0.16 |
Quantity | Dstore-perv | Depth of depression storage on pervious area | mm | 3.0 |
Quantity | Dstore-imperv | Depth of depression storage on impervious area | mm | 0.7 |
Quantity | % Slope | Average surface slope | % | 1.7 |
Quality | DWF | Concentration of the pollutant in dry weather sanitary flow | mg/L | 230 |
Quality | Max buildup | Maximum buildup | kg/ha/day | 16 |
Quality | Rate Constant | Rate constant of buildup function | 1/day | 0.08 |
Quality | Washoff Coefficient | Washoff coefficient | 1/mm | 0.203 |
Quality | Exponent | Runoff exponent in washoff function | - | 1.8 |
Name | Drained Area (ha) | Upstream Sluice Gate |
---|---|---|
S.g.1 | 43.14 | S.g.2, S.g.3, S.g.4, S.g.5, S.g.6, S.g.7 |
S.g.2 | 14.24 | S.g.3, S.g.5, S.g.7 |
S.g.3 | 2.27 | - |
S.g.4 | 4.40 | - |
S.g.5 | 8.16 | S.g.7 |
S.g.6 | 2.13 | - |
S.g.7 | 5.52 | - |
Smart Gate | Kp | Ti (Minutes) | Td (Minutes) |
---|---|---|---|
S.g.1 | −10 | 0.1 | 0 |
S.g.2 | −10 | 0.1 | 0 |
S.g.3 | −10 | 0.1 | 0 |
S.g.4 | −1 | 0 | 0 |
S.g.5 | −10 | 0.01 | 0 |
S.g.6 | −1 | 0 | 0.01 |
S.g.7 | −10 | 0.1 | 0 |
N | Case | Description | Acronym | EOPS | SCT | RTC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Case 1 | Benchmark network | C1real | |||
2 | Case 1 | Benchmark network with RTC | C1RTC | x | ||
3 | Case 2 | Green roofs with RTC | C2RTC | x | x | |
4 | Case 2 | Green roofs | C2real | x | ||
5 | Case 3 | +15% pervious surfaces with RTC | C3RTC | x | x | |
6 | Case 3 | +15% pervious surfaces | C3real | x | ||
7 | Case 4 | 7 rainwater harvesting tanks + RTC | C4RTC | x | x | |
8 | Case 4 | 7 rainwater harvesting tanks | C4real | x | ||
9 | Case 5a | 6 detention tanks (10 m3/ha) + RTC | C5aRTC | x | x | |
10 | Case 5a | 6 detention tanks (10 m3/ha) | C5areal | x | ||
11 | Case 5b | 6 detention tanks (50 m3/ha) + RTC | C5bRTC | x | x | |
12 | Case 5b | 6 detention tanks (50 m3/ha) | C5breal | x |
Case | Volume Annual Average (m3/ha) | TSS Annual Average (kg/ha) | Volume Reduction Compared to C1real (%) | TSS Reduction Compared to C1real (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1real | 864 | 88 | / | / |
C RTC | 571 | 31 | 34% | 65% |
C2real | 692 | 54 | 20% | 39% |
C2RTC | 474 | 18 | 45% | 79% |
C3real | 489 | 66 | 43% | 25% |
C3RTC | 283 | 20 | 67% | 77% |
C4real | 285 | 65 | 67% | 76% |
C4RTC | 186 | 21 | 78% | 93% |
C5areal | 376 | 40 | 56% | 54% |
C5aRTC | 24 | 1 | 97% | 99% |
C5breal | 336 | 39 | 61% | 56% |
C5bRTC | 24 | 1 | 97% | 99% |
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Altobelli, M.; Cipolla, S.S.; Maglionico, M. Combined Application of Real-Time Control and Green Technologies to Urban Drainage Systems. Water 2020, 12, 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123432
Altobelli M, Cipolla SS, Maglionico M. Combined Application of Real-Time Control and Green Technologies to Urban Drainage Systems. Water. 2020; 12(12):3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123432
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltobelli, Margherita, Sara Simona Cipolla, and Marco Maglionico. 2020. "Combined Application of Real-Time Control and Green Technologies to Urban Drainage Systems" Water 12, no. 12: 3432. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123432