Planktonic Invertebrates in the Assessment of Long-Term Change in Water Quality of the Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System (Kazakhstan)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area
2.1.1. Climate
2.1.2. Physical and Geographical Characteristic of Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System
2.2. Field Sampling
2.3. Laboratory Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hydrochemical and Toxicological Characteristics of the Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System
3.2. The Structure of Zooplankton Communities
3.3. Nonparametric Correlation Analysis
3.4. PCA Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Chemical Variables
4.2. Biological Variables
4.2.1. Species Composition and Quantitative Variables
4.2.2. Structural Variables
4.2.3. The Influence of External Factors on the Quantitative Variables and Structure of Zooplankton Communities
4.2.4. Indicator Role of Zooplankton in Assessing the Water Quality of Water Bodies with Multicomponent Pollution
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Sorbulak | RBSC No. 7 | RBSC No. 8 |
---|---|---|---|
altitude above sea level, m | 620 | 618 | 615 |
water area, km2 | 58 | 3.5 | 0.4 |
max water volume, km3 | 1000 | 17.5 | 1.2 |
depth max, m | 20.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
depth average, m | 7.2 | 5.0 | 2.9 |
transparency, m | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
temperature, °C | 27.0 | 28.5 | 27.8 |
Variable | Units | Sorbulak | RBSC No. 7 | RBSC No. 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 8.5 ± 0.01 | 9.4 ± 0.06 | |
TDS | mg/dm3 | 1234.3 ± 37.8 | 517.5 ± 20.0 | 584.1 ± 40.1 |
Hardness | mg-eq. dm3 | 4.9 ± 0.03 | 2.3 ± 0.01 | 2.8 ± 0.3 |
PI | mg O2 dm3 | 11.2 ± 0.04 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | 10.9 ± 0.9 |
Si | mg/dm3 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 8.3 ± 0.1 |
N-NO2 | mg/dm3 | 0.012 ± 0.004 | 0.322 ± 0.02 | 0.006 ± 0.002 |
N-NO3 | mg/dm3 | 0.151 ± 0.016 | 1.046 ± 0.045 | 0.078 ± 0.023 |
N-NH4 | mg/dm3 | 0.453 ± 0.070 | 0.362 ± 0.045 | 0.275 ± 0.050 |
PO4 | mg/dm3 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.27 | 0.28 ± 0.02 |
Fe | mg/dm3 | 0.70 ± 0.14 | 0.93 ± 0.19 | 1.20 ± 0.40 |
Mn | mg/dm3 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.003 ± 0.001 |
Cd | mg/dm3 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
Cr | mg/dm3 | 0.007 ± 0.0003 | 0.007 ± 0.0001 | 0.006 ± 0.0006 |
Cu | mg/dm3 | 0.001 ± 0.0008 | 0.043 ± 0.042 | 0.001 ± 0.0001 |
Ni | mg/dm3 | 0.0051 ± 0.0003 | 0.006 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.0001 |
Pb | mg/dm3 | 0.0001 ± 0.0001 | 0.0001 ± 0.0001 | 0.0001 ± 0.0001 |
Variables | June–July 2000 | June–July 2001 | June–July 2002 | July–August 2002 |
---|---|---|---|---|
TDS | 1079.5 ± 42.7 | 1240.8 ± 5.1 | 1166.5 ± 8.3 | 1129.9 ± 9.0 |
PI | - | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.3 |
N-NO2 | - | 0.150 ± 0.010 | 0.006 ± 0.0001 | 0.036 ± 0.005 |
N-NO3 | - | 1.400 ± 0.180 | 1.020 ± 0.010 | 0.590 ± 0.030 |
N-NH4 | - | 0.250 ± 0.020 | 0.070 ± 0.010 | 0.170 ± 0.020 |
PO4 | - | 0.130 ± 0.010 | 0.070 ± 0.020 | 0.100 ± 0.020 |
Cd | 0.004 ± 0.0002 | 0.005 ± 0.0001 | 0.078 ± 0.005 | 0.007 ± 0.001 |
Cu | 0.007 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.0004 | 0.002 ± 0.0003 | 0.024 ± 0.001 |
Pb | 0.006 ± 0.001 | 0.030 ± 0.002 | 0.022 ± 0.002 | 0.047 ± 0.006 |
Zn | 0.047 ± 0.002 | 0.023 ± 0.005 | 0.014 ± 0.003 | 0.030 ± 0.004 |
Taxon Name | Sorbulak 2000–2002 | 2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sorbulak | RBSC No. 7 | RBSC No. 8 | ||
Phylum Rotifera | ||||
Bdelloida gen.sp. | + | |||
Notommatidae gen.sp. | + | |||
Asplanchna girodi (Guerne) | + | + | ||
Brachionus angularis (Gosse) | + | |||
Brachionus calyciflorus dorcas Gosse | + | + | + | |
Brachionus plicatilis longicornis (Fadeev) | + | + | ||
Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann | + | |||
Brachionus rubens Ehrenberg | + | |||
Brachionus urceus (Linnaeus) | + | |||
Brachionus variabilis (Hempel) | + | |||
Euchlanis dilatata (Ehrenberg) | + | |||
Euchlanis sp. | + | |||
Hexarthra mira (Hudson) | + | + | + | + |
Keratella quadrata dispersa Carlin | + | + | + | |
Lecane luna (Muller) | + | |||
Lecane sp. | + | |||
Polyarthra major Burckhardt | + | |||
Polyarthra sp. | + | + | + | |
Pompholyx sulcata (Hudson) | + | + | ||
Synchaeta kitina (Roussel.) | + | |||
Synchaeta stylata (Wierzejski) | + | |||
Synchaeta sp. | + | |||
Trichocerca sp. | + | |||
Phylum: Arthropoda | ||||
Superorder Cladocera | ||||
Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Muller) | + | |||
Alona rectangula (Sars) | + | |||
Alona sp. | + | |||
Biapertura affinis (Leydig) | + | |||
Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O.F. Muller) | + | + | + | |
Ceriodaphnia pulchella (Sars) | + | |||
Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Muller) | + | + | + | + |
Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) magna (Straus) | + | + | + | + |
Daphnia (Daphnia) galeata (G.O. Sars) | + | + | + | |
Daphnia (Daphnia) pulex (De Geer) | + | + | + | + |
Daphnia (Daphnia) longispina (O.F. Muller) | + | |||
Diaphanosoma mongolianum (Veno) | + | + | ||
Leydigia leydigii (Schoedler) | + | |||
Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine) | + | |||
Simocephalus sp. | + | |||
Subclass Copepoda | ||||
Acanthocyclops trajani (Mirabdullayev et Defaye) | + | + | + | + |
Cyclops scutifer (Sars) | + | |||
Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin) | + | + | + | |
Cyclopoida gen.sp. | + | |||
Limnocletodes behningi (Borutzky) | + | |||
Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov) | + | + | ||
Acanthodiaptomus denticornis (Wierzejski) | + | |||
Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann | + | |||
Total No. species: | 31 | 29 | 9 | 10 |
Water Body | Year | Rotifera | Cladocera | Copepoda | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sorbulak | abundance, thousand ind./m3 | ||||
2000 | 73.1 ± 61.1 | 68.4 ± 14.4 | 97.9 ± 20.3 | 190.7 ± 34.3 | |
2001 | 174.2 ± 35.8 | 157.8 ± 22.8 | 305.5 ± 47.4 | 637.4 ± 76.9 | |
2002 | 49.2 ± 8.3 | 12.9 ± 1.3 | 84.5 ± 34.9 | 146.7 ± 28.6 | |
2017 | 175.8 ± 86.6 | 27.7 ± 7.7 | 102.0 ± 22.3 | 305.4 ± 91.8 | |
RBSC No. 7 | 2017 | 58.0 ± 43.3 | 64.1 ± 11.9 | 535.2 ± 113.8 | 657.4 ± 102.4 |
RBSC No. 8 | 2017 | 24.0 ± 10.4 | 16.7 ± 2.2 | 146.0 ± 35.9 | 186.7 ± 40.9 |
Sorbulak | biomass, g/m3 | ||||
2000 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 5.21 ± 1.20 | 1.12 ± 0.38 | 6.41 ± 1.31 | |
2001 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 4.89 ± 0.77 | 1.89 ± 0.27 | 7.31 ± 0.98 | |
2002 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.28 | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.38 | |
2017 | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 2.32 ± 0.63 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 2.65 ± 0.06 | |
RBSC No. 7 | 2017 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 15.2 ± 4.85 | 1.78 ± 0.16 | 17.00 ± 5.00 |
RBSC No. 8 | 2017 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 5.45 ± 1.56 | 0.64 ± 0.37 | 6.11 ± 1.50 |
Species Name | Abundance, % | Biomass, % | Species Name | Abundance, % | Biomass, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sorbulak, 2000 | Cyclops vicinus | 29.7 | 13.1 | ||
Polyarthra sp. | 23.3 | 0.8 | Acanthocyclops trajani | 27.9 | 4.9 |
Daphnia galeata | 21.9 | 56.9 | Sorbulak, 2017 | ||
Daphnia longispina | 10.9 | 22.7 | Hexarthra mira | 15.5 | 1.3 |
Cyclops vicinus | 17.3 | 11.8 | Polyarthra sp. | 12.2 | 0.8 |
Acanthocyclops trajani | 28.7 | 5.5 | Daphnia magna | 0.3 | 10.6 |
Sorbulak, 2001 | Daphnia pulex | 4.1 | 72.7 | ||
Asplanchna girodi | 5.9 | 5.9 | Acanthocyclops trajani | 30.3 | 2.9 |
Keratella quadrata | 15.4 | 0.8 | RBSC No. 7, 2017 | ||
Hexarthra mira | 6.4 | 0.3 | Hexarthra mira | 7.1 | 0.3 |
Bosmina longirostris | 14.5 | 11.1 | Daphnia magna | 2,8 | 76,0 |
Daphnia galeata | 5.9 | 13.2 | Daphnia pulex | 3.0 | 11.7 |
Daphnia pulex | 0.1 | 41.1 | Acanthocyclops trajani | 79.7 | 10.3 |
Acanthocyclops trajani | 42.9 | 23.1 | RBSC No. 8, 2017 | ||
Sorbulak, 2002 | Hexarthra mira | 6.7 | 0.2 | ||
Keratella quadrata | 20.4 | 1.4 | Daphnia magna | 4.0 | 67.6 |
Polyarthra major | 12.2 | 1.3 | Daphnia pulex | 3,8 | 21,2 |
Daphnia pulex | 5.8 | 66.7 | Acanthocyclops trajani | 77.0 | 10.2 |
Water Body | Year, Month | Total | ♀♀ | ♀♀ov | ♂♂ | ♂/♀ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthocyclops trajani | ||||||
Sorbulak | 2000 | 58.7 ± 26.8 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 5.8 |
2001 | 360.3 ± 69.1 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 14.0 ± 7.8 | 4.4 | |
2002 | 75.9 ± 16.6 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 8.7 ± 3.0 | 3.3 | |
2017 | 92.7 ± 23.0 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 4.3 | |
RBSC No. 7 | 2017 | 523.9 ± 125.2 | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 4.9 | 1.1 |
RBSC No. 8 | 2017 | 143.6 ± 35.0 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 4.3 | 1.5 |
Cyclops vicinus | ||||||
Sorbulak | 2000 | 39.8 ± 14.8 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.7 |
2001 | 26.8 ± 8.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.0 | |
2002 | 43.6 ± 17.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 4.4 | |
2017 | 8.1 ± 3.0 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.008 ± 0.005 | 0.9 | |
RBSC No.7 | 2017 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RBSC No.8 | 2017 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Water Body | Year | Species Number | Average Individual Mass, mg | Shannon Ab | Shannon Bi | Δ Shannon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sorbulak | 2000 | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 0.0343 ± 0.0047 | 2.18 ± 0.16 | 1.57 ± 0.22 | 0.62 ± 0.19 |
2001 | 12.1 ± 2.0 | 0.0117 ± 0.0011 | 2.41 ± 0.18 | 2.09 ± 0.16 | 0.32 ± 0.11 | |
2002 | 9.0 ± 1.0 | 0.0096 ± 0.0030 | 2.21 ± 0.13 | 1.70 ± 0.17 | 0.50 ± 0.28 | |
2017 | 16.1 ± 0.7 | 0.0182 ± 0.0054 | 2.48 ± 0.07 | 1.77 ± 0.30 | 0.71 ± 0.35 | |
RBSC No 7 | 2017 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 0.0253 ± 0.0036 | 1.19 ± 0.26 | 1.16 ± 0.30 | 0.03 ± 0.04 |
RBSC No 8 | 2017 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 0.0379 ± 0.0139 | 1.26 ± 0.20 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 0.10 ± 0.42 |
Biological Variable | Environmental Variable | rS | Biological Variable | Environmental Variable | rS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotifera Abundance | N-NO2 | 0.356 | Copepoda Biomass | N-NO2 | 0.560 |
N-NO3 | 0.438 | N-NO3 | 0.380 | ||
TDS | 0.501 | PO4 | 0.341 | ||
Cu | −0.621 | Copepoda Biomass | Cu | 0.405 | |
Zn | −0.516 | Zn | 0.479 | ||
Cladocera Abundance | TDS | −0.455 | Pb | 0.460 | |
N-NO2 | 0.600 | Total Abundance | N-NO2 | 0.580 | |
N-NO3 | 0.379 | N-NO3 | 0.462 | ||
PO4 | 0.468 | Total Biomass | N-NO2 | 0.589 | |
Cladocera Biomass | N-NO2 | 0.464 | PO4 | 0.440 | |
N-NO3 | 0.353 | Si | 0.535 | ||
PO4 | 0.405 | Cd | −0.389 | ||
Mn | −0.537 | Average Mass | Depth | 0.362 | |
N-NH4 | 0.372 | Δ-Shannon | Depth | 0.415 | |
Cd | −0.435 | Transparency | 0.415 | ||
Pb | −0.401 | TDS | 0.401 | ||
Copepoda Abundance | Transparency | −0.351 | Shannon Ab | Depth | 0.466 |
N-NO2 | 0.630 | Si | −0.709 | ||
N-NO3 | 0.409 | TDS | 0.705 | ||
PO4 | 0.475 | Transparency | 0.476 |
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Krupa, E.; Barinova, S.; Romanova, S.; Aubakirova, M.; Ainabaeva, N. Planktonic Invertebrates in the Assessment of Long-Term Change in Water Quality of the Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System (Kazakhstan). Water 2020, 12, 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123409
Krupa E, Barinova S, Romanova S, Aubakirova M, Ainabaeva N. Planktonic Invertebrates in the Assessment of Long-Term Change in Water Quality of the Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System (Kazakhstan). Water. 2020; 12(12):3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123409
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrupa, Elena, Sophia Barinova, Sophia Romanova, Moldir Aubakirova, and Nazia Ainabaeva. 2020. "Planktonic Invertebrates in the Assessment of Long-Term Change in Water Quality of the Sorbulak Wastewater Disposal System (Kazakhstan)" Water 12, no. 12: 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123409