Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Hydrology
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. VES Survey
3.2. Dar-Zarrouk Parameters
3.3. Geochemical Method
4. Results
4.1. Interpretation of Resistivity Data
4.2. Transverse Resistance
4.3. Longitudinal Conductance
4.4. Longitudinal Resistivity
4.5. Physicochemical Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subsurface Resistivity (Ωm) | Lithology Type | Overlapping | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resistivity | Lithology | Aquifer | |||
>35 (above water table) | Topsoil cover (dry strata) | - | - | - | |
<7 (below water table) | Clay (saline water) | 4–7 | Clay and Clay-sand | Saline-brackish | |
4–24 (below water table) | Clay-sand (brackish water) | ||||
18–24 | Clay-sand and sand | Brackish-fresh | |||
18–42 (below water table) | Sand (freshwater) | ||||
34–42 | Sand and gravel-sand | - | |||
34–60 (below water table) | Gravel-sand (freshwater) | ||||
50–60 | Gravel-sand and gravel | - | |||
>50 (below water table) | Gravel (freshwater) |
D-Z Parameters | Range | Type of Aquifer | Overlapping | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transverse unit resistance (Tr) | >2000 Ωm2 | Fresh | None | |
1000–2000 Ωm2 | Brackish | |||
None | ||||
<1000 Ωm2 | Saline | |||
Longitudinal unit conductance (SC) | <3 mho | Fresh | None | |
3–24 mho | Brackish | |||
None | ||||
>24 mho | Saline | |||
Longitudinal resistivity (ρL) | >20 Ωm | Fresh | None | |
5–20 Ωm | Brackish | |||
None | ||||
<5 Ωm | Saline |
Physicochemical Parameters | Units | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Median | SD | WHO Range for Aquifers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fresh | Brackish | Saline | ||||||||
Cations | Na+ | (mg/L) | 28 | 3654 | 1056.3 | 283 | 1406.9 | <200 | 200–400 | >400 |
K+ | (mg/L) | 15 | 235 | 89.3 | 61 | 76.4 | <55 | 55–70 | >70 | |
Ca2+ | (mg/L) | 30 | 650 | 294.1 | 245 | 211.9 | <200 | 200–300 | >300 | |
Mg2+ | (mg/L) | 21 | 495 | 206 | 120 | 184.2 | <100 | 100–200 | >200 | |
Anions | Cl− | (mg/L) | 110 | 8122 | 2401 | 760 | 3078.8 | <250 | 250–1000 | >1000 |
SO42− | (mg/L) | 114 | 1144 | 443.9 | 365 | 329.6 | <200 | 200–500 | >500 | |
HCO3− | (mg/L) | 95 | 756 | 479.9 | 520 | 194.2 | <500 | 500–600 | >600 | |
NO3− | (mg/L) | 1 | 14 | 8.1 | 8 | 3.9 | <7 | 7–10 | >10 | |
Other Parameters | EC | (μS/cm) | 450 | 19232 | 5882.3 | 2232 | 7124.7 | <1500 | 1500–3000 | >3000 |
TDS | (mg/L) | 311 | 13271 | 4058 | 1540 | 4915.5 | <1000 | 1000–2000 | >2000 | |
pH | - | 7.1 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 0.8 | <8.5 | 8.5–9 | >9 |
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Hasan, M.; Shang, Y.; Jin, W.; Shao, P.; Yi, X.; Akhter, G. Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan. Water 2020, 12, 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123408
Hasan M, Shang Y, Jin W, Shao P, Yi X, Akhter G. Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan. Water. 2020; 12(12):3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123408
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasan, Muhammad, Yanjun Shang, Weijun Jin, Peng Shao, Xuetao Yi, and Gulraiz Akhter. 2020. "Geophysical Assessment of Seawater Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers of Bela Plain, Pakistan" Water 12, no. 12: 3408. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123408