Effect of Zr Impregnation on Clay-Based Materials for H2O2-Assisted Photocatalytic Wet Oxidation of Winery Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Winery Wastewater Sampling
2.2. Clay Mineral
2.3. Analytical Techniques
2.4. Catalysts Preparation
2.5. Catalysts Characterization
2.6. Adsorption Tests
2.7. Photocatalytic Experiments and Kinetic Modelling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Catalysts Characterization
3.2. Adsorption vs. Reaction
3.3. Kinetic Study
3.4. Catalyst Regeneration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH | 3.8 ± 0.1 |
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg O2/L) | 1420 ± 45 |
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (mg O2/L) | 610 ± 15 |
Total Organic Carbon (mg C/L) | 500 ± 12 |
Total Polyphenols (mg gallic acid/L) | 105 ± 3 |
Phosphates (mg P2O5/L) | 2.7 ± 0.2 |
Sulphates (mg SO42−/L) | 17.8 ± 1.0 |
Total Iron (mg Fe/L) | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
Aluminium (µg Al/L) | 17.5 ± 0.9 |
Cadmium (µg Cd/L) | 2.1 ± 0.1 |
Copper (µg Cu/L) | 400 ± 18 |
Chromium (µg Cr/L) | 0.05 ± 0.003 |
Manganese (µg Mn/L) | 29 ± 1.4 |
Zinc (µg Zn/L) | 4200 ± 200 |
Sample | SiO2 (%) | Al2O3 (%) | Fe2O3 (%) | MgO (%) | Na2O (%) | CaO (%) | K2O (%) | CuO (%) | ZrO2 (%) | Al/Si | Zr/Si | CEC (meq/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MT | 68.80 | 21.97 | 1.58 | 3.13 | 2.54 | 0.95 | 0.31 | ‒ | ‒ | 0.32 | ‒ | 0.61 |
Zr-MT | 63.35 | 20.09 | 1.50 | 2.90 | 2.90 | 0.85 | 0.31 | ‒ | 5.54 | 0.32 | 11.44 | 0.22 |
AlCu-PILC | 64.15 | 26.36 | 1.36 | 2.53 | 0.97 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 1.32 | ‒ | 0.41 | ‒ | 0.23 |
(Zr)Al-PILC | 60.66 | 25.62 | 1.69 | 2.15 | 1.17 | 0.56 | 0.6 | ‒ | 5.14 | 0.42 | 11.80 | 0.21 |
(Zr)AlCu-PILC | 60.46 | 25.64 | 1.03 | 1.97 | 1.02 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 1.30 | 5.41 | 0.42 | 11.18 | 0.22 |
Sample | SBET (m2/g) | Vtotal pore (cm3/g) |
---|---|---|
MT | 8.5 | 0.047 |
Zr-MT | 65 | 0.109 |
Al-Cu-PILC | 107 | 0.202 |
(Zr)Al-PILC | 81 | 0.146 |
(Zr)Al-Cu-PILC | 118 | 0.217 |
Heterogeneous Catalyst | Variables | Kinetic Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
kTOC (min−1) | (min) | xTOC | r2 | ||
(Zr)AlCu-PILC | pH 4.0 | 2.35 × 10−2 | 148 | 0.14 | 0.990 |
pH 7.0 | 2.58 × 10−2 | 119 | 0.11 | 0.996 | |
AlCu-PILC | pH 4.0 | 3.54 × 10−2 | 137 | 0.28 | 0.998 |
pH 7.0 | 2.87 × 10−2 | 121 | 0.26 | 0.997 | |
(Zr)Al-PILC | pH 4.0 | 1.90 × 10−2 | 158 | 0.45 | 0.992 |
pH 7.0 | 2.16 × 10−2 | 140 | 0.50 | 0.993 | |
Zr-MT | pH 4.0 | 1.83 × 10−2 | 183 | 0.19 | 0.983 |
pH 7.0 | 1.56 × 10−2 | 214 | 0.0 | 0.990 | |
MT | pH 4.0 | 1.23 × 10−2 | 253 | 0.0 | 0.960 |
pH 7.0 | 1.50 × 10−2 | 279 | 0.0 | 0.980 |
Experiment | Time (min) | H2O2 Removal (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Blank (H2O2 Only) | (Zr)AlCu-PILC | AlCu-PILC | ||
pH 4.0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
15 | 2.03 | 14.03 | 11.18 | |
30 | 9.03 | 10.88 | 9.73 | |
60 | 20.2 | 54.38 | 35.63 | |
120 | 38.3 | 47.39 | 41.89 | |
180 | 51.1 | 79.04 | 83.58 | |
240 | 62.0 | 96.86 | 93.13 | |
pH 7.0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 0.00 |
15 | 12.7 | 16.0 | 12.06 | |
30 | 8.61 | 12.9 | 10.05 | |
60 | 16.3 | 8.19 | 49.30 | |
120 | 28.5 | 45.6 | 53.29 | |
180 | 37.0 | 69.3 | 83.07 | |
240 | 46.0 | 88.4 | 94.69 |
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Guimarães, V.; Teixeira, A.R.; Lucas, M.S.; Peres, J.A. Effect of Zr Impregnation on Clay-Based Materials for H2O2-Assisted Photocatalytic Wet Oxidation of Winery Wastewater. Water 2020, 12, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123387
Guimarães V, Teixeira AR, Lucas MS, Peres JA. Effect of Zr Impregnation on Clay-Based Materials for H2O2-Assisted Photocatalytic Wet Oxidation of Winery Wastewater. Water. 2020; 12(12):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123387
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuimarães, Vanessa, Ana R. Teixeira, Marco S. Lucas, and José A. Peres. 2020. "Effect of Zr Impregnation on Clay-Based Materials for H2O2-Assisted Photocatalytic Wet Oxidation of Winery Wastewater" Water 12, no. 12: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123387