Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Dehui, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the Study Area
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Geology and Hydrogeology
2.2.1. Geology
2.2.2. Hydrogeology
- (1)
- Holocene modern river valley sand and gravel pore water are mainly distributed in the Second Songhua River and its tributary valleys; the aquifer medium is mainly sand and gravel alluvial layers with thickness ranging from 5 to 20 m. The groundwater level is relatively shallow and the water volume is abundant. The water inflow of a single well ranges from 500 to 3000 m3/day.
- (2)
- Pleistocene alluvial-diluvial pore water is mainly distributed in Wanbao Town, Buhai Town, and other areas. The aquifer is mainly a layer of medium and fine sand formed by alluvial and diluvial deposits, with a thickness of 2 to 4 m. The buried depth of the groundwater level is 2–5 m, and the water inflow of a single well is 100–500 m3/day.
- (3)
- Alluvial-proluvial pore water of the Middle Pleistocene is mainly distributed in tidal platforms; this aquifer is mainly composed of the alluvial-diluvial sand and gravel layer of the Middle Pleistocene, with a thickness of 10–30 m. The porosity and water yield are high (500–1000 m3/day).
- (4)
- Lower Pleistocene glacial water sand gravel pore aquifers are mainly scattered above the ancient denudation surface of the Cretaceous strata in the lower part of the tidal platforms. The thickness of the aquifer is small, only 1–3 m. The burial depth of the water level is generally greater than 5 m, and the water inflow of a single well varies from 100 to 1000 m3/day.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Hydrology-Chemical Analysis Results
4.2. LSTM Prediction Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Causes of Major Ion Chemistry
5.1.1. Analysis of Ion Source by Ion-Ratio Method
5.1.2. Groundwater Environment Analysis Ion Origin
- (1)
- Weathering and dissolution of silicate minerals in soil rocks including albite and anorthite. HCO3− is produced during the weathering process.
- (2)
- Generally, the CO2 partial pressure in soil voids is much higher than the Earth’s atmosphere, in the range of 102–104 Pa, which causes the CO2 and H2O in the soil to form H2CO3, which is unstable and is easily decomposed into HCO3−.
- (3)
- Organic matter is decomposed and oxidized; root plant respiration is another source of HCO3− in soil (O2 + CH2O = HCO3− + H+).
- (4)
- The CO2 in the atmosphere forms carbonic acid in the soil and then decomposes into HCO3− through rainwater dissolution.
5.2. Hydrochemical Evolution and Influencing Factors
5.3. Groundwater Evolution Prediction
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Era Them | System | Series | Formation | Structure and Distribution Characteristics | Thickness (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cenozoic | Q4 | Holocene | The upper part is gray-brown loam and silt interlayer, and the lower part is yellow sand and gravel. Widely distributed on floodplain sand. | 3~30 | |
Upper Pleistocene | Gu Xiangtun | The upper part is earthy yellow loess, which is silty light loess. The lower part is the lacustrine muddy loam, loam and sand gravel layer. Mainly distributed in the edge of the high plains and valleys. | 20~40 | ||
Lower Pleistocene | Bai Tushan | The lithology is gray-white gravel mixed with gray-green silty clay lens, with coarse top and fine bottom. The cross-bedding is developed in the upper sand layer, and the bottom is dominated by pebbles, and it is in angular unconformity contact with the lower bedrock, which is only exposed on the Dongqidaoquanzi ridge of Bian Gang Township. | 2~5 | ||
Mesozoic | Cretaceous | Middle-lower series | Nen Jiang | The upper part is gray-black, gray-green and brown-red mudstone and sandstone interbedded layers. The lower part is black mudstone and oil shale, which are distributed in most parts of the western part of Dehui city and Dajiagou and Songhuajiang towns. | 200~600 |
Yao Jia | It is exposed on the east steep ridge of Yaojia Station, with complete sections. There are exposed steep slopes and gullies in poplar, Dafangshen, Xiajiadian, Daqingzui and other villages. The lithology is mainly brown-red, dark purple silty mudstone and mudstone, with gray to grayish green mudstone, grayish white. Siltstone Calcareous siltstone. | 100 | |||
Qing Shangkou | It is distributed in Yangshu Town, Dafangshen Town, and the southern part of Daqingzui Town, with some steep ridges directly exposed on the ground. The lithology is gray-white, dark blue, thin layered mudstone. | 40~65 | |||
Quan Tou | Distributed in the Wutai Township area, exposed in the gullies, the lithology is mainly pig liver-colored, brown-red thick mudstone, the bottom of this layer is a gravelly coarse sand layer, and the sandstone is all argillaceous cement. | 300 | |||
Deng Louku | The lithology is mainly sandstone, dark gray sandstone, mudstone, and purple sandstone. Visible in the deep part of the borehole on the bank of the Songhua River. | >1000 | |||
Jurassic | Upper-middle series | Distributed in Banla Mountain, Chaoyang Township in the east. The exposed area is small and is the product of volcanic eruption. The lithology is Zhongxing Andesite, brown-red, with hard lithology and well-developed cracks |
Unit | MAX | MIN | MEAN | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | mg/L | 364 | 21.64 | 108.36 |
Mg2+ | mg/L | 219 | 0.2 | 38.97 |
K+ | mg/L | 2.4 | 0.2 | 1.63 |
Na+ | mg/L | 84.9 | 1.38 | 28.26 |
Cl− | mg/L | 482 | 13.4 | 73.72 |
SO42− | mg/L | 177 | 6.8 | 54.03 |
HCO3− | mg/L | 554 | 36.6 | 210.03 |
TDS (Total dissolved solids) | mg/L | 2254 | 206.2 | 703.23 |
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | TDS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | 1 | |||||||
Mg2+ | 0.2711 | 1 | ||||||
K+ | −0.1325 | −0.0538 | 1 | |||||
Na+ | 0.2867 | 0.1008 | 0.1388 | 1 | ||||
Cl− | 0.5258 | 0.1853 | 0.0001 | 0.4198 | 1 | |||
SO42− | 0.1681 | 0.2748 | 0.1306 | 0.1222 | 0.2007 | 1 | ||
HCO3− | 0.7123 | −0.0320 | 0.0054 | 0.3680 | 0.4461 | 0.2907 | 1 | |
TDS | 0.7536 | −0.1568 | 0.0222 | 0.2569 | 0.4395 | 0.1189 | 0.6505 | 1 |
Ion | Years | Actual Measurement Data | Forecast Data | Absolute Error | Relative Error |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | 2016 | 44.090 | 44.085 | −0.005 | −0.0113% |
32.870 | 32.876 | 0.006 | 0.0183% | ||
160.320 | 160.313 | −0.007 | −0.0044% | ||
189.180 | 189.179 | −0.001 | −0.0005% | ||
21.640 | 21.645 | 0.005 | 0.0231% | ||
2017 | 100.800 | 100.792 | −0.008 | −0.0075% | |
117.700 | 117.655 | −0.045 | −0.0380% | ||
135.900 | 135.896 | −0.004 | −0.0027% | ||
136.200 | 136.169 | −0.031 | −0.0230% | ||
130.300 | 130.297 | −0.003 | −0.0027% | ||
2018 | 48.500 | 48.493 | −0.007 | −0.0144% | |
45.500 | 45.503 | 0.003 | 0.0066% | ||
208.000 | 208.135 | 0.135 | 0.0649% | ||
204.000 | 204.096 | 0.096 | 0.0471% | ||
32.100 | 32.103 | 0.003 | 0.0093% | ||
Mg2+ | 2016 | 19.44 | 19.443 | 0.003 | 0.0154% |
9.23 | 9.229 | −0.001 | −0.0108% | ||
32.08 | 32.083 | 0.003 | 0.0094% | ||
83.59 | 83.586 | −0.004 | −0.0048% | ||
16.52 | 16.527 | 0.007 | 0.0424% | ||
2017 | 20.60 | 20.592 | −0.008 | −0.0391% | |
22.00 | 22.017 | 0.017 | 0.0773% | ||
14.90 | 14.909 | 0.009 | 0.0600% | ||
10.70 | 10.695 | −0.005 | −0.0425% | ||
7.00 | 6.993 | −0.007 | −0.0994% | ||
2018 | 10.40 | 10.403 | 0.003 | 0.0288% | |
8.10 | 8.100 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
2.81 | 2.810 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
50.40 | 50.396 | −0.004 | −0.0079% | ||
11.40 | 11.403 | 0.003 | 0.0263% | ||
K+ | 2016 | 0.37 | 0.369 | −0.001 | −0.2703% |
0.44 | 0.442 | 0.002 | 0.4545% | ||
0.59 | 0.587 | −0.003 | −0.5085% | ||
0.82 | 0.822 | 0.002 | 0.2439% | ||
1.39 | 1.393 | 0.003 | 0.2158% | ||
2017 | 0.50 | 0.498 | −0.002 | −0.3136% | |
0.40 | 0.402 | 0.002 | 0.4758% | ||
0.30 | 0.301 | 0.001 | 0.4386% | ||
0.30 | 0.299 | −0.001 | −0.3813% | ||
1.20 | 1.205 | 0.005 | 0.4011% | ||
2018 | 0.38 | 0.380 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | |
0.55 | 0.550 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
0.85 | 0.850 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
1.00 | 1.001 | 0.001 | 0.1000% | ||
1.14 | 1.140 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
Na+ | 2016 | 8.22 | 8.225 | 0.005 | 0.0608% |
11.65 | 11.658 | 0.008 | 0.0687% | ||
37.82 | 37.816 | −0.004 | −0.0106% | ||
38.09 | 38.088 | −0.002 | −0.0053% | ||
9.23 | 9.226 | −0.004 | −0.0433% | ||
2017 | 32.20 | 32.155 | −0.045 | −0.1411% | |
33.00 | 33.046 | 0.046 | 0.1387% | ||
31.60 | 31.636 | 0.036 | 0.1145% | ||
31.80 | 31.838 | 0.038 | 0.1185% | ||
32.00 | 31.988 | −0.012 | −0.0363% | ||
2018 | 1.38 | 1.381 | 0.001 | 0.0725% | |
12.40 | 12.403 | 0.003 | 0.0242% | ||
29.70 | 29.704 | 0.004 | 0.0135% | ||
42.20 | 42.198 | −0.002 | −0.0047% | ||
8.88 | 8.873 | −0.007 | −0.0788% | ||
Cl− | 2016 | 14.90 | 14.902 | 0.002 | 0.0134% |
20.80 | 20.798 | −0.002 | −0.0096% | ||
114.00 | 114.002 | 0.002 | 0.0018% | ||
416.00 | 416.015 | 0.015 | 0.0036% | ||
10.90 | 10.903 | 0.003 | 0.0275% | ||
2017 | 34.90 | 34.896 | −0.004 | −0.0120% | |
55.50 | 55.474 | −0.026 | −0.0466% | ||
146.40 | 146.442 | 0.042 | 0.0289% | ||
209.60 | 209.552 | −0.048 | −0.0228% | ||
190.70 | 190.653 | −0.047 | −0.0248% | ||
2018 | 14.00 | 14.001 | 0.001 | 0.0071% | |
17.80 | 17.800 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
111.00 | 111.013 | 0.013 | 0.0117% | ||
470.00 | 470.196 | 0.196 | 0.0417% | ||
16.40 | 16.400 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
SO42− | 2016 | 177.00 | 176.993 | −0.007 | −0.0040% |
13.20 | 13.225 | 0.025 | 0.1894% | ||
126.00 | 125.869 | −0.131 | −0.1040% | ||
26.30 | 26.287 | −0.013 | −0.0494% | ||
154.00 | 154.022 | 0.022 | 0.0143% | ||
2017 | 68.40 | 68.379 | −0.021 | −0.0302% | |
67.90 | 67.874 | −0.026 | −0.0378% | ||
79.00 | 78.992 | −0.008 | −0.0097% | ||
70.60 | 70.607 | 0.007 | 0.0093% | ||
76.70 | 76.746 | 0.046 | 0.0606% | ||
2018 | 94.30 | 94.308 | 0.008 | 0.0085% | |
94.30 | 94.308 | 0.008 | 0.0085% | ||
135.00 | 135.056 | 0.056 | 0.0415% | ||
28.40 | 28.402 | 0.002 | 0.0070% | ||
134.00 | 134.072 | 0.072 | 0.0537% | ||
HCO3− | 2016 | 153.00 | 152.983 | −0.017 | −0.0111% |
77.90 | 77.900 | 0.000 | 0.0000% | ||
222.00 | 222.016 | 0.016 | 0.0072% | ||
299.00 | 298.893 | −0.107 | −0.0358% | ||
77.90 | 77.904 | 0.004 | 0.0051% | ||
2017 | 165.60 | 165.583 | −0.017 | −0.0102% | |
134.40 | 134.362 | −0.038 | −0.0286% | ||
168.00 | 167.990 | −0.010 | −0.0058% | ||
212.60 | 212.627 | 0.027 | 0.0127% | ||
224.30 | 224.262 | −0.038 | −0.0168% | ||
2018 | 61.00 | 61.025 | 0.025 | 0.0410% | |
48.80 | 48.806 | 0.006 | 0.0123% | ||
77.80 | 77.809 | 0.009 | 0.0116% | ||
80.80 | 80.810 | 0.010 | 0.0124% | ||
36.60 | 36.579 | −0.021 | −0.0574% |
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | K+ | Na+ | Cl− | SO42− | HCO3− | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
62.31 | 19.08 | 0.42 | 10.13 | 43.07 | 103.74 | 112.55 | |
34.08 | 16.72 | 0.43 | 12.74 | 53.07 | 53.22 | 71.12 | |
2019 | 204.03 | 21.06 | 0.41 | 41.65 | 335.54 | 124.01 | 77.05 |
244.05 | 45.05 | 0.81 | 38.82 | 467.91 | 37.24 | 199.03 | |
27.14 | 11.09 | 1.23 | 10.13 | 43.55 | 26.63 | 61.17 | |
65.71 | 15.24 | 0.44 | 17.45 | 52.44 | 103.47 | 92.62 | |
48.12 | 47.13 | 0.46 | 13.92 | 143.01 | 74.11 | 97.13 | |
2020 | 237.77 | 24.12 | 0.35 | 45.33 | 419.04 | 113.04 | 90.53 |
224.93 | 38.45 | 0.76 | 60.32 | 515.08 | 33.16 | 140.61 | |
32.51 | 13.04 | 1.93 | 10.65 | 45.48 | 33.09 | 64.71 | |
55.65 | 18.85 | 0.43 | 17.22 | 59.01 | 99.34 | 86.12 | |
46.92 | 32.33 | 0.34 | 22.08 | 117.11 | 110 | 165.08 | |
2021 | 221.98 | 33.61 | 0.44 | 48.55 | 434.09 | 115.47 | 94.26 |
225.42 | 50.99 | 0.52 | 51.67 | 437.21 | 45 | 128.32 | |
47.72 | 12.73 | 1.53 | 15.96 | 75.5 | 38.58 | 77.23 |
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Wei, H.; Liang, X.; Liu, S.; Liu, M.; Xiao, C. Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Dehui, China. Water 2020, 12, 3378. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123378
Wei H, Liang X, Liu S, Liu M, Xiao C. Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Dehui, China. Water. 2020; 12(12):3378. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123378
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Hongyang, Xiujuan Liang, Shuhui Liu, Mingjun Liu, and Changlai Xiao. 2020. "Hydrochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Dehui, China" Water 12, no. 12: 3378. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123378