Hydrodynamic Cross-Scale Archaeology at a Roman River Harbour
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To investigate the hydraulic effects such as local energy loss for the specific structural design of the flow parallel quay wall
- To find an adequate representation of the quay-wall’s effect in a numeric model
- To develop a possible historic river bathymetry, employing the data of archaeological and geologic origin with the physics based sedimentation processes
- To examine the local effect of the possible current deflection wall under a realistic hydrodynamic global regime
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Cross-Scale Multi-Model Approach
- (i)
- Physical Flume Model
- A physical surrogate model of the archaeological roman wooden quay-wall is designed on a 1:2.42 scale, adhering the size of the experimental facility and the availability of construction timber on the retail market. This model is installed in a current flume for hydraulic experiments determining the wall-roughness induced loss alongside the quay wall. The geometric constraints are derived from the archaeological data, while information such as the water level and the velocity are chosen according to the numeric model of the river stretch. The influence of the tip pointing into the stream is not examined.
- (ii)
- Numerical Flume Model
- A simple conceptual numeric model of the experimental set-up is reproduced in Delft3D, where the quay-wall is included as a parametrized loss function. This numerical model is initially scaled at 2.42 to compare with physical lab results. In a second step, these are up-scaled to real-life dimensions to ensure correct adaption. The comparison allows for the identification of a value of the loss coefficient, that leads to a minimal difference in the velocity distribution of the experimental and numerical results.
- (iii)
- Numerical River Model
- Finally, a numerical river model (NRM) of the ancient Rhine containing the CUT stretch is developed. It comprises two steps. The first one is the generation of a physically plausible bathymetry using an active bed to simulate the morphological processes of the river. The second step is the examination of the hydrodynamics in vicinity of the harbour structures on basis of the bathymetry generated in step one, now neglecting the morphodynamics of the river.
- The model is combining archaeological field research data for reconstructing a detailed 3D-river bed with hind-cast time-series of ancient Rhine river discharge for forcing the model, including a morphologically active bed. In the second step, the representation of the parametric quay-wall structures to simulate the hydrodynamic effects observed during the initial physical laboratory tests is combined with a parametric representation of the possible current deflection wall (CDW) to account for the harbour influence.
2.2. Physical Flume Experiments
2.3. Numerical Model Flume
2.4. Rhine River Model
2.4.1. Rhine River Bathymetry
2.4.2. Hydrodynamic Calibration
2.4.3. Hydrodynamic Modelling of Harbour Structures
3. Results
3.1. Physical Flume Model
3.2. Numerical Flume Experiments
3.3. Numeric River Model
3.3.1. Morphodynamic Simulations of the Riverbed
3.3.2. Structure Impact
4. Discussion
4.1. Physical Model Tests
4.2. Numeric Flume Tests
4.3. Numeric River Model
5. Conclusions
- -
- A scaled physical model was constructed according to archaeological findings and installed in a hydraulic test facility to measure roughness induced reduction of flow on a longitudinal and a crosswise transect at five vertical levels. A substantial reduction of 30% near the wall is observed.
- -
- Measurements are compared against a conceptual numerical twin model of the physical laboratory experiments using Delft3D. This shows that the experimental velocity distribution can be reproduced well employing a linear friction loss a term with a loss coefficient of 10.
- -
- Combining (i) field data from the excavation site and the results from dendrochronological investigations of the wooden quai with (ii) hydrological re-analysis data for the historic Rhine river discharge regime and (iii) state of the art numerical engineering methods, a 2DH model of the Rhine river section harbouring the CUT with the Roman type wooden quay-wall is developed. The calibrated model reproduces near-natural historic hydrodynamic conditions, depicting a possible realization of the flow field along the Roman river harbour during normal flow.
- -
- The wooden quay-wall is numerically represented in a parametric form endued with the experimentally determined loss coefficient of 10. Consequently, the numerical Rhine river model correctly maps the 200 long parametric structure, which projects its roughness related hydrodynamic influence with digital exactitude into the adjacent water body. Consistently it can be inferred, that the wooden Roman jetty was successfully assessed and its hydrodynamic impact effectively reproduced using state of the art methods.
- -
- Finally, the unique wooden structure unearthed at the upstream tip of the jetty protruding into the river was included in the 2DH Rhine river model to unravel its functionality with scientific acuteness. Substantiated by testing various lengths at 45° obviating coincidental results, it is revealed that the structure exerts the hydrodynamic impact similar to a current-deflection-wall. With a degree of efficiency reducing current speeds by up to 25% or 0.15 to 0.20 in its wake along the quay-wall, the Roman hydraulic structure rivals present day designs.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADV | acoustic Doppler velocimeter |
CDW | current deflection wall |
ci | confidence interval |
RGS | rigid sheet |
CUT | Colonia Ulpia Traiana |
MorFac | morphologic acceleration factor |
NFM | numerical flume model |
PFM | physical flume model |
NRM | numerical river model |
NHN16 | normal height null 2016 (in m) |
SNR | signal-to-noise ratio (in %) |
DD | domain decomposition |
SWL | still water level |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors. |
Parameter | Symb. | Unit | cSa | mSa | fSa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
grain diameter | () | 2.2 | 1.5 | 0.8 | |
layer thickness | m | () | 7.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
dry bulk density | () | 1650 | 1650 | 1650 |
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Dempwolff, L.-C.; Lojek, O.; Selke, V.; Goseberg, N.; Gerlach, R. Hydrodynamic Cross-Scale Archaeology at a Roman River Harbour. Water 2020, 12, 3365. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123365
Dempwolff L-C, Lojek O, Selke V, Goseberg N, Gerlach R. Hydrodynamic Cross-Scale Archaeology at a Roman River Harbour. Water. 2020; 12(12):3365. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123365
Chicago/Turabian StyleDempwolff, León-Carlos, Oliver Lojek, Valeria Selke, Nils Goseberg, and Renate Gerlach. 2020. "Hydrodynamic Cross-Scale Archaeology at a Roman River Harbour" Water 12, no. 12: 3365. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123365