Water Retention in Nature-Based Solutions—Assessment of Potential Economic Effects for Local Social Groups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The protection and conservation of existing elements of blue–green infrastructure, as well as the introduction of proper blue–green infrastructure designs into areas dominated by dense development;
- Most activities in the area of the thermo-modernization of buildings;
- The replacement of impervious surfaces with permeable surfaces;
- Recycling and circular economy principles’ introduction.
- The introduction of shelterbelts (vegetative environmental buffers) around industrial plants;
- The introduction of rainwater management systems in courtyards;
- Activities that can be implemented in households, e.g., composting, greywater use and rainwater collection.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
Legend | |
Existing buildings (roof surface) | |
An existing sidewalk of cobblestones | |
Gravel surface | |
Surface—wood chips | |
Surface—EcoGrid | |
Retention basin | |
Trees and shrubs | |
Groundcover vegetation | |
Lawn | |
Animal habitat area | |
Rain garden |
2.2. Data Analysis
- is the catchment area (m2);
- is the surface runoff coefficient (-) (Table 1);
- is the annual amount of precipitation, 699 (mm) (source: calculated per year, i.e., from 01/09/2018 to 31/08/2019—compiled by Prof. Ewa Burszta-Adamiak).
- (1)
- Without water retention devices from impervious surfaces—0.50 PLN/m3/year;
- (2)
- With infrastructure for the water retention from impervious surfaces with a capacity:
- (a)
- Up to 10% of the annual runoff from impervious areas—0.30 PLN/m3/year;
- (b)
- 10% to 30% of the annual runoff from impervious areas—0.15 PLN/m3/year;
- (c)
- Over 30% of the annual runoff from impervious areas—0.05 PLN/m3/year.
- —the costs of draining rainwater using the sewage system after implementing the NBS,;
- —government tax after implementing the NBS, ;
- —the costs of draining rainwater using the sewage system before implementing the NBS, ;
- —the government tax before implementing the NBS, .
3. Results
4. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | The Value of the Runoff Coefficient Ψ |
---|---|
Impervious surface | Ψ = 0.90–1.00 |
Semi-impervious surface | Ψ = 0.80–0.90 |
Biologically active surface | Ψ = 0.00–0.10 |
The actual state—before implementing the NBS | |||||||
Research areas | Impervious surface[g] (m2) | Roof surface[g] (m2) | Semi-impervious surface[h] (m2) | Biologically active surface[j] (m2) | The amount of drained rainwater using the sewage system [m3/year] | Costs of draining rainwater, EUR[k]/year | Government tax, EUR[k]/year |
Street | 15,348.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10,728.25 | 5411.81 | 1192.03 [1] |
1 | 1506.80 | 1680.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2227.57 | 1123.69 | 247.51 [1] |
2 | 1499.60 | 2368.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2703.73 | 1363.88 | 300.41 [1] |
3 | 6718.80 | 5643.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8640.90 | 4358.85 | 960.10 [1] |
4 | 6691.60 | 9067.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11,015.40 | 5556.66 | 1223.93 [1] |
5 | 88.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1851.20 | 62.07 | 31.31 | 6.90 [1] |
6 | 3170.00 | 2016.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3625.57 | 1828.90 | 402.84 [1] |
7 | 3169.20 | 2668.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4080.48 | 2058.38 | 453.39 [1] |
Projected state—after implementing NBS | |||||||
Street | 14,183.44 | 0.00 | 607.00 | 554.56 | 9914.22 | 5001.18 | 1101.58 [1] |
1 | 410.80 | 1680.00 | 169.60 | 926.40 | 381.99 | 192.69 | 4.24 [2c] |
2 | 176.00 | 2368.40 | 83.60 | 1240.00 | 169.77 | 85.64 | 1.89 [2c] |
3 | 2630.80 | 5643.00 | 476.80 | 3612.00 | 2105.56 | 1062.14 | 23.40 [2c] |
4 | 1114.40 | 9067.20 | 910.00 | 4667.20 | 1287.84 | 649.64 | 14.31 [2c] |
5 | 88.80 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1851.20 | 62.07 | 31.31 | 0.69 [2c] |
6 | 1044.80 | 2016.80 | 83.20 | 2042.00 | 776.84 | 391.87 | 8.63 [2c] |
7 | 1003.60 | 2668.40 | 214.40 | 1951.20 | 821.41 | 414.36 | 9.13 [2c] |
Research Areas | Amount of Total Reduced Operational Cost, EUR/Year | Economic Effect, % | Amount of Total Reduced Operational Cost per Unit Area, EUR/m2/Year |
---|---|---|---|
Street | 501.08 | 7.59 | 0.03 |
1 | 1174.26 | 85.64 | 0.37 |
2 | 1576.77 | 94.74 | 0.41 |
3 | 4233.42 | 79.59 | 0.34 |
4 | 6116.64 | 90.21 | 0.39 |
5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
6 | 1831.24 | 82.05 | 0.35 |
7 | 2088.28 | 83.14 | 0.36 |
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Jerzy, Z.; Łukasz, S.; Anna, Z.; Kornelia, K.; Maksym, B. Water Retention in Nature-Based Solutions—Assessment of Potential Economic Effects for Local Social Groups. Water 2020, 12, 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123347
Jerzy Z, Łukasz S, Anna Z, Kornelia K, Maksym B. Water Retention in Nature-Based Solutions—Assessment of Potential Economic Effects for Local Social Groups. Water. 2020; 12(12):3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123347
Chicago/Turabian StyleJerzy, Zwoździak, Szałata Łukasz, Zwoździak Anna, Kwiecińska Kornelia, and Byelyayev Maksym. 2020. "Water Retention in Nature-Based Solutions—Assessment of Potential Economic Effects for Local Social Groups" Water 12, no. 12: 3347. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123347