Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Risk of Nitrogen Pollution for Shallow Groundwater Aquifer around Fuyang City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Description of the Study Area
3. Geological and Hydrogeological Settings
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling and Analysis
4.2. Groundwater Quality Assessment
4.3. Health Risk Assessment
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Nitrogen Pollution in Groundwater and Other Parameters
5.2. Groundwater Quality Assessment
5.3. Health Risk Assessment
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zabala, M.E.; Martínez, S.; Manzano, M.; Vives, L. Groundwater chemical baseline values to assess the Recovery Plan in the Matanza-Riachuelo River basin, Argentina. Sci. Total Environ. 2016, 541, 1516–1530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; He, X.; Li, Y.; Xiang, G. Occurrence and health implication of fluoride in groundwater of Loess Aquifer in the Chinese Loess Plateau: A case study of Tongchuan, Northwest China. Expo. Health 2018, 11, 95–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Xu, P.; Qian, H. Groundwater quality assessment using improved water quality index (WQI) and human health risk (HHR) evaluation in a semi-arid region of Northwest China. Expo. Health 2020, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Connor, R. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World; UNESCO Publishing: Paris, France, 2015; Volume 1. [Google Scholar]
- Yin, S.; Xiao, Y.; Han, P.; Hao, Q.; Gu, X.; Men, B.; Huang, L. Investigation of groundwater contamination and health implications in a typical semiarid basin of North China. Water 2020, 12, 1137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, J.; Wu, H.; Qian, H. Groundwater nitrate contamination and associated health risk for the rural communities in an agricultural area of Ningxia, Northwest China. Expo. Health 2016, 8, 349–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Subba Rao, N.; Marghade, D.; Dinakar, A.; Chandana, I.; Sunitha, B.; Ravindra, B.; Balaji, T. Geochemical characteristics and controlling factors of chemical composition of groundwater in a part of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. Earth Sci. 2017, 76, 747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adimalla, N. Controlling factors and mechanism of groundwater quality variation in semiarid region of South India: An approach of water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment (HRA). Environ. Geochem. Health 2019, 42, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amalraj, A.; Pius, A. Health risk from fluoride exposure of a population in selected areas of Tamil Nadu South India. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2013, 2, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, S.; Wu, J. Hydrogeochemical characteristics, groundwater quality, and health risks from hexavalent chromium and nitrate in groundwater of Huanhe formation in Wuqi County, Northwest China. Expo. Health 2018, 11, 125–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, A.K.; Liu, D.; Mohamed, M.A.A.; Song, K. Groundwater quality assessment of the quaternary unconsolidated sedimentary basin near the Pi river using fuzzy evaluation technique. Appl. Water Sci. 2018, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, J.; Zhou, H.; He, S.; Zhang, Y. Comprehensive understanding of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purposes in terms of health risks in a coal mine area of the Ordos basin, north of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Environ. Earth Sci. 2019, 78, 446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, L.; Sang, G.; Hong, W. Statistical prediction of changes in water resources trends based on set pair analysis. Water Resour. Manag. 2014, 28, 1703–1711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tian, R.; Wu, J. Groundwater quality appraisal by improved set pair analysis with game theory weightage and health risk estimation of contaminants for Xuecha drinking water source in a loess area in Northwest China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2019, 25, 132–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Li, X.; Meng, X.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y. Appraising groundwater quality and health risks from contamination in a Semiarid region of Northwest China. Expo. Health 2016, 8, 361–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; He, S.; He, X.; Tian, R. Seasonal hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality delineation based on matter element extension analysis in a paper wastewater irrigation area, northwest China. Expo. Health 2018, 10, 241–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabeiy, R.E. Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS in Upper Egypt area. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2018, 25, 30808–30817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, B.; Song, X.; Zhang, Y.; Han, D.; Tang, C.; Yu, Y.; Ma, Y. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water Res. 2012, 46, 2737–2748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mujumdar, P.; Sasikumar, K. A fuzzy risk approach for seasonal water quality management of a river system. Water Resour. Res. 2002, 38, 5-1–5-9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rapant, S.; Cveckova, V.; Fajcikova, K.; Sedlakova, D.; Stehlikova, B. Impact of calcium and magnesium in groundwater and drinking water on the health of inhabitants of the Slovak Republic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.; Yu, G.; Luo, C.; Zhou, P. Groundwater nitrogen pollution and assessment of its health risks: A case study of a typical village in rural-urban continuum, China. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e33982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adimalla, N. Spatial distribution, exposure, and potential health risk assessment from nitrate in drinking water from semi-arid region of South India. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2020, 26, 310–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chica-Olmo, M.; Peluso, F.; Luque-Espinar, J.A.; Rodriguez-Galiano, V.; Pardo-Iguzquiza, E.; Chica-Rivas, L. A methodology for assessing public health risk associated with groundwater nitrate contamination: A case study in an agricultural setting (southern Spain). Environ. Geochem. Health 2017, 39, 1117–1132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elisante, E.; Muzuka, A.N.N. Occurrence of nitrate in Tanzanian groundwater aquifers: A review. Appl. Water Sci. 2015, 7, 71–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hudak, P. Regional trends in nitrate content of Texas groundwater. J. Hydrol. 2000, 228, 37–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rahmati, O.; Samani, A.N.; Mahmoodi, N.; Mahdavi, M. Assessment of the contribution of N-fertilizers to nitrate pollution of groundwater in western Iran (Case study: Ghorveh–Dehgelan aquifer). Water Qual. Expo. Health 2015, 7, 143–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Wu, J.; Qian, H.; Lyu, X.; Liu, H. Origin and assessment of groundwater pollution and associated health risk: A case study in an industrial park, northwest China. Environ. Geochem. Health 2014, 36, 693–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Sun, Z. Evaluation of shallow groundwater contamination and associated human health risk in an Alluvial Plain impacted by agricultural and industrial activities, Mid-west China. Expo. Health 2015, 8, 311–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carey, R.O.; Migliaccio, K.W.; Brown, M.T. Nutrient discharges to Biscayne Bay, Florida: Trends, loads, and a pollutant index. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 530–539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ji, X.; Xie, R.; Hao, Y.; Lu, J. Quantitative identification of nitrate pollution sources and uncertainty analysis based on dual isotope approach in an agricultural watershed. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 229, 586–594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, J.; Lu, J.; Wen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Lin, Y. Severe nitrate pollution and health risks of coastal aquifer simultaneously influenced by saltwater intrusion and intensive anthropogenic activities. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2019, 77, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bao, Z.; Hu, Q.; Qi, W.; Tang, Y.; Wang, W.; Wan, P.; Chao, J.; Yang, X.J. Nitrate reduction in water by aluminum alloys particles. J. Environ. Manag. 2017, 196, 666–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Golekar, R.B.; Patil, S.N.; Baride, M. Human health risk due to trace element contamination in groundwater from the Anjani and Jhiri river catchment area in northern Maharashtra, India. Earth Sci. Res. J. 2013, 17, 17–23. [Google Scholar]
- Bempah, C.K.; Ewusi, A. Heavy metals contamination and human health risk assessment around Obuasi gold mine in Ghana. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2016, 188, 261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, P.; Feng, W.; Xue, C.; Tian, R.; Wang, S. Spatiotemporal variability of contaminants in lake water and their risks to human health: A case study of the Shahu Lake tourist area, Northwest China. Expo. Health 2017, 9, 213–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batayneh, A. Toxic (aluminum, beryllium, boron, chromium and zinc) in groundwater: Health risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 9, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryu, H.; Han, J.K.; Jung, J.W.; Bae, B.; Nam, K. Human health risk assessment of explosives and heavy metals at a military gunnery range. Environ. Geochem. Health 2007, 29, 259–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, X.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y. Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: A case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China. Water Resour. Manag. 2013, 27, 3025–3034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China; Standardization Administration of China. Standards for Groundwater Quality (GB/T 14848-2017); Standards Press of China: Beijing, China, 2017. (In Chinese)
- Rezaei, H.; Jafari, A.; Kamarehie, B.; Fakhri, Y.; Ghaderpoury, A.; Karami, M.A.; Ghaderpoori, M.; Shams, M.; Bidarpoor, F.; Salimi, M. Health-risk assessment related to the fluoride, nitrate, and nitrite in the drinking water in the Sanandaj, Kurdistan County, Iran. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2018, 25, 1242–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qasemi, M.; Afsharnia, M.; Farhang, M.; Bakhshizadeh, A.; Allahdadi, M.; Zarei, A. Health risk assessment of nitrate exposure in groundwater of rural areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran. Environ. Earth Sci. 2018, 77, 551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferchichi, H.; Ben Hamouda, M.F.; Farhat, B.; Ben Mammou, A. Assessment of groundwater salinity using GIS and multivariate statistics in a coastal Mediterranean aquifer. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 15, 2473–2492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Hames, A.S.; Al-Ahmadi, M.; Al-Amri, N. A GIS approach for the assessment of groundwater quality in Wadi Rabigh aquifer, Saudi Arabia. Environ. Earth Sci. 2010, 63, 1319–1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Islam, A.R.M.T.; Shen, S.; Haque, M.A.; Bodrud-Doza, M.; Maw, K.W.; Habib, M.A. Assessing groundwater quality and its sustainability in Joypurhat district of Bangladesh using GIS and multivariate statistical approaches. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2017, 20, 1935–1959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Qian, J.; Yan, X.; Luo, Q.; Chen, L.; Zhao, W. Using GIS methods for determining the spatial distribution of groundwater hydrochemical facies: A case study for a shallow aquifer in Fuyang, China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2019, 78, 335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, A.K.; Dan, L.; Kai, S.; Mohamed, M.A.A.; Aldaw, E.; Elubid, B.A. Hydrochemical analysis and fuzzy logic method for evaluation of groundwater quality in the North Chengdu Plain, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dahiya, S.; Singh, B.; Gaur, S.; Garg, V.K.; Kushwaha, H.S. Analysis of groundwater quality using fuzzy synthetic evaluation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2007, 147, 938–946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, X.-H. A study on the water environmental quality assessment of Fenjiang River in Yaan city of Sichuan Province in China. IERI Procedia 2014, 9, 102–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Su, H.; Kang, W.; Xu, Y.; Wang, J. Assessing groundwater quality and health risks of nitrogen pollution in the Shenfu mining area of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China. Expo. Health 2017, 10, 77–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, H.; Kang, W.; Xu, Y.; Wang, J. Evaluation of groundwater quality and health risks from contamination in the north edge of the Loess Plateau, Yulin City, Northwest China. Environ. Earth Sci. 2017, 76, 467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MEP. Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites; HJ 25.3-2014; China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2014. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- USEPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A); Office of Emergency and Remedial Response: Washington, DC, USA, 1989; Volume 1.
- Ji, Y.; Wu, J.; Wang, Y.; Elumalai, V.; Subramani, T. Seasonal variation of drinking water quality and human health risk assessment in Hancheng City of Guanzhong Plain, China. Expo. Health 2020, 12, 469–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P. Groundwater quality in Western China: Challenges and paths forward for groundwater quality research in Western China. Expo. Health 2016, 8, 305–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Amalraj, A.; Pius, A. Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and agricultural purposes of a few selected areas in Tamil Nadu, South India: A GIS-based study. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 2017, 4, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adimalla, N.; Qian, H. Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019, 176, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raju, A.; Singh, A. Assessment of groundwater quality and mapping human health risk in Central Ganga Alluvial Plain, Northern India. Environ. Process. 2017, 4, 375–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haji, M.; Wang, D.; Li, L.; Qin, D.; Guo, Y. Geochemical evolution of fluoride and implication for F—Enrichment in groundwater: Example from the Bilate River Basin of Southern Main Ethiopian Rift. Water 2018, 10, 1799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Adimalla, N.; Li, P. Occurrence, health risks, and geochemical mechanisms of fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of the rock-dominant semi-arid region, Telangana State, India. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2018, 25, 81–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukherjee, I.; Singh, U.K. Groundwater fluoride contamination, probable release, and containment mechanisms: A review on Indian context. Environ. Geochem. Health 2018, 40, 2259–2301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Narsimha, A.; Rajitha, S. Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in fluoride enrichment in groundwater and its associated human health risk assessment in Telangana State, South India. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J. 2018, 24, 2119–2132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, J.; Jin, Z.; Zhang, F. Geochemical controls on fluoride concentrations in natural waters from the middle Loess Plateau, China. J. Geochem. Explor. 2015, 159, 252–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Fourth Edition Incorporating the First Addendum; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
Variables | Grades | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | V | |
NH4-N | ≤0.02 | ≤0.1 | ≤0.5 | ≤1.5 | >1.5 |
NO3-N | ≤2 | ≤5 | ≤20 | ≤30 | >30 |
NO2-N | ≤0.01 | ≤0.1 | ≤1 | ≤4.8 | >4.8 |
Fe3+ | ≤0.1 | ≤0.2 | ≤0.3 | ≤2 | >2 |
Mn | ≤0.05 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.1 | ≤1.5 | >1.5 |
Cl− | ≤50 | ≤150 | ≤250 | ≤350 | >350 |
F− | ≤0.2 | ≤0.5 | ≤1 | ≤2 | >2 |
TDS | ≤300 | ≤500 | ≤1000 | ≤2000 | >2000 |
TH | ≤150 | ≤300 | ≤450 | ≤550 | >550 |
Water quality | Excellent | Good | Fair | Poor | Very poor |
Variable | Unit | Min | Max | Mean | SD | CV | Chinese Standard | WHO |
pH | - | 7.26 | 8.57 | 7.99 | 0.28 | 0.04 | 6.5–8.5 | 6.5–8.5 |
TDS | mg/L | 423.77 | 1366.50 | 706.11 | 218.31 | 0.31 | 1000 | 1500 |
TH | mg/L | 194.33 | 785.34 | 310.23 | 142.09 | 0.46 | 450 | 500 |
K+ | mg/L | 0.28 | 0.72 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 0.26 | - | 12 ** |
Na+ | mg/L | 20.34 | 184.50 | 70.65 | 44.04 | 0.62 | 200 | 200 |
Ca2+ | mg/L | 44.89 | 222.70 | 78.33 | 43.48 | 0.56 | 400 *** | - |
Mg2+ | mg/L | 17.28 | 73.31 | 27.84 | 12.35 | 0.44 | - | 150 ** |
Cl− | mg/L | 1.77 | 160.23 | 28.52 | 39.23 | 1.38 | 250 | 250 |
SO42– | mg/L | 0.25 | 160.22 | 31.99 | 40.63 | 1.27 | 250 | 250 |
HCO3− | mg/L | 266.39 | 821.57 | 458.89 | 116.13 | 0.25 | - | 600 ** |
NH4-N | mg/L | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.91 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
NO3-N | mg/L | 0.50 | 92.44 | 8.25 | 23.95 | 2.90 | 20 | 50 |
NO2-N | mg/L | 0.004 * | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 3.04 | 1 | 3 |
F− | mg/L | 0.04 * | 1.20 | 0.69 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 1 | 1.5 |
Fe3+ | mg/L | 0.04 * | 4.02 | 0.30 | 0.68 | 2.31 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Mn | mg/L | 0.01 * | 0.89 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.73 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Sample | Membership Degree | Grade | Water Quality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
j = Ⅰ | j = Ⅱ | j = Ⅲ | j = Ⅳ | j = Ⅴ | |||
S01 | 0.169 | 0.461 | 0.365 | 0.005 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S02 | 0.160 | 0.630 | 0.170 | 0.040 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S03 | 0.075 | 0.031 | 0.118 | 0.162 | 0.614 | Ⅴ | very poor |
S04 | 0.060 | 0.119 | 0.106 | 0.399 | 0.316 | Ⅳ | poor |
S05 | 0.057 | 0.039 | 0.131 | 0.070 | 0.703 | Ⅴ | very poor |
S06 | 0.186 | 0.542 | 0.251 | 0.021 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S07 | 0.180 | 0.261 | 0.468 | 0.092 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S08 | 0.094 | 0.437 | 0.371 | 0.098 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S09 | 0.137 | 0.407 | 0.454 | 0.002 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S10 | 0.122 | 0.300 | 0.498 | 0.080 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S11 | 0.224 | 0.377 | 0.382 | 0.017 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S12 | 0.038 | 0.308 | 0.559 | 0.095 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S13 | 0.075 | 0.497 | 0.401 | 0.026 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S14 | 0.161 | 0.199 | 0.633 | 0.008 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S15 | 0.055 | 0.223 | 0.622 | 0.100 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S16 | 0.027 | 0.079 | 0.202 | 0.123 | 0.570 | Ⅴ | very poor |
S17 | 0.181 | 0.201 | 0.454 | 0.165 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S18 | 0.168 | 0.210 | 0.617 | 0.005 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S19 | 0.230 | 0.229 | 0.448 | 0.092 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S20 | 0.203 | 0.296 | 0.501 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S21 | 0.228 | 0.250 | 0.434 | 0.088 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S22 | 0.144 | 0.208 | 0.574 | 0.074 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S23 | 0.026 | 0.153 | 0.097 | 0.057 | 0.667 | Ⅴ | very poor |
S24 | 0.130 | 0.361 | 0.405 | 0.104 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S25 | 0.251 | 0.463 | 0.271 | 0.015 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S26 | 0.205 | 0.403 | 0.393 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S27 | 0.129 | 0.521 | 0.279 | 0.071 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S28 | 0.071 | 0.368 | 0.452 | 0.108 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S29 | 0.174 | 0.335 | 0.469 | 0.022 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S30 | 0.150 | 0.565 | 0.262 | 0.023 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S31 | 0.192 | 0.597 | 0.202 | 0.009 | 0.000 | Ⅱ | good |
S32 | 0.180 | 0.405 | 0.412 | 0.002 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S33 | 0.217 | 0.288 | 0.456 | 0.039 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
S34 | 0.235 | 0.331 | 0.432 | 0.002 | 0.000 | Ⅲ | fair |
Sample | Nitrate-Nitrogen | RfD | E | HQ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult | Child | Adult | Child | |||
S01 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S02 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S03 | 78.66 | 1.6 | 2.077 | 3.463 | 1.298 | 2.164 |
S04 | 0.56 | 1.6 | 0.015 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.015 |
S05 | 92.44 | 1.6 | 2.441 | 4.070 | 1.526 | 2.544 |
S06 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S07 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S08 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S09 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S10 | 3.17 | 1.6 | 0.084 | 0.140 | 0.052 | 0.087 |
S11 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S12 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S13 | 6.94 | 1.6 | 0.183 | 0.306 | 0.115 | 0.191 |
S14 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S15 | 4.73 | 1.6 | 0.125 | 0.208 | 0.078 | 0.130 |
S16 | 80.18 | 1.6 | 2.117 | 3.530 | 1.323 | 2.206 |
S17 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S18 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S19 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S20 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S21 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S22 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S23 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S24 | 0.52 | 1.6 | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.014 |
S25 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S26 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S27 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S28 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S29 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S30 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S31 | 0.69 | 1.6 | 0.018 | 0.030 | 0.011 | 0.019 |
S32 | 0.65 | 1.6 | 0.017 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 0.018 |
S33 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
S34 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.013 | 0.022 | 0.008 | 0.014 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wegahita, N.K.; Ma, L.; Liu, J.; Huang, T.; Luo, Q.; Qian, J. Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Risk of Nitrogen Pollution for Shallow Groundwater Aquifer around Fuyang City, China. Water 2020, 12, 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123341
Wegahita NK, Ma L, Liu J, Huang T, Luo Q, Qian J. Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Risk of Nitrogen Pollution for Shallow Groundwater Aquifer around Fuyang City, China. Water. 2020; 12(12):3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123341
Chicago/Turabian StyleWegahita, Nigus Kebede, Lei Ma, Jiankui Liu, Tingwei Huang, Qiankun Luo, and Jiazhong Qian. 2020. "Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Risk of Nitrogen Pollution for Shallow Groundwater Aquifer around Fuyang City, China" Water 12, no. 12: 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123341