Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Management
2.3. Measurement Method
2.3.1. Soil N2O Emission
2.3.2. Soil Properties
2.3.3. Spring Maize Yield and IWUE
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Water Content
3.2. Soil Salinity
3.3. Soil pH Value
3.4. Soil NO3− Content
3.5. Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
3.6. Soil N2O Emission Flux
3.6.1. Seasonal N2O Emission Flux
3.6.2. Seasonal N2O Emission Flux from Different Locations
3.6.3. N2O Cumulative Flux
3.7. Spring Maize Yield and IWUE
3.8. Correlation Analysis among Irrigation Water Salinity, Soil Properties, N2O Emissions and Maize Yield
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Properties
4.2. Soil N2O Emission Dynamics
4.3. Effect of Irrigation Water Salinity on N2O Emissions
4.4. Effect of Different Location on N2O Emissions
4.5. Effect of Irrigation Water Salinity on Spring Maize Yield
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil | Soil Texture | Soil Bulk | Field | Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity | Ec1:5 | pH | Soil NO3− | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Density | Capacity | (10−5·cm·s−1) | (uS·cm−1) | -N | ||||
Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | (g·cm−3) | (g·g−1) | (mg·kg−1) | ||||
Silty loam | 7.694 | 62.379 | 29.927 | 1.5 | 0.198 | 5.11 | 393 | 8.21 | 33.38 |
Salinity | Iron Contents (mg·L−1) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg·L−1) | Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | Cl− | CO32− | SO42− | HCO3− |
1157 | 90.2 | 48.6 | 152.6 | 41.2 | 141.8 | 0 | 240.2 | 442.4 |
2000 | 90.2 | 48.6 | 355.0 | 212.8 | 610.8 | 0 | 240.2 | 442.4 |
3500 | 90.2 | 48.6 | 715.2 | 518.4 | 1445 | 0 | 240.2 | 442.4 |
5000 | 90.2 | 48.6 | 1075.8 | 823.8 | 2279 | 0 | 240.2 | 442.4 |
Variables | IWS | SWC | EC1:5 | pH | NO3−–N | N2O | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IWS | 1 | ||||||
SWC | 0.788 ** | 1 | |||||
EC1:5 | 0.934 ** | 0.933 ** | 1 | ||||
pH | 0.706 * | 0.638 * | 0.720 ** | 1 | |||
NO3−–N | −0.097 | 0.315 | 0.185 | −0.088 | 1 | ||
N2O | 0.753 ** | 0.756 ** | 0.802 ** | 0.672 * | −0.030 | 1 | |
Yield | −0.877 ** | −0.677 * | −0.811 ** | −0.571 | 0.219 | −0.767 ** | 1 |
Variables | Ksat | IWS | SWC | EC1:5 | pH | NO3−–N | N2O | Yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ksat | 1 | |||||||
IWS | −0.826 ** | 1 | ||||||
SWC | −0.347 | 0.783 ** | 1 | |||||
EC1:5 | −0.630 * | 0.948 ** | 0.905 ** | 1 | ||||
pH | −0.833 ** | 0.991 ** | 0.743 ** | 0.925 ** | 1 | |||
NO3−–N | 0.625 * | −0.259 | 0.142 | −0.040 | −0.269 | 1 | ||
N2O | −0.619 * | 0.837 ** | 0.674 * | 0.799 ** | 0.803 ** | −0.133 | 1 | |
Yield | 0.875 ** | −0.885 ** | −0.530 | −0.751 ** | −0.898 ** | 0.367 | −0.630 * | 1 |
Current Research | Wang’s Research [26] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | N2O Flux (ug·m−2·h−1) | Treatment | N2O Flux (ug·m−2·h−1) | Treatment | N2O Flux (ug·m−2·h−1) |
2.0 g·L−1 | 52.30 | 2.0 g·L−1 1:1 | 47.96 | 2.0 g·L−1 1:2 | 44.86 |
3.5 g·L−1 | 51.10 | 3.5 g·L−1 1:1 | 46.95 | 3.5 g·L−1 1:2 | 41.73 |
5.0 g·L−1 | 78.17 | 5.0 g·L−1 1:1 | 44.52 | 5.0 g·L−1 1:2 | 40.66 |
Current Research | Wang’s Research [26] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Yield (kg·ha−1) | Treatment | Yield (kg·ha−1) | Treatment | Yield (kg·ha−1) |
2.0 g·L−1 | 13,434 | 2.0 g·L−1 1:1 | 14,651 | 2.0 g·L−1 1:2 | 13,914 |
3.5 g·L−1 | 12,822 | 3.5 g·L−1 1:1 | 13,208 | 3.5 g·L−1 1:2 | 13,636 |
5.0 g·L−1 | 11,060 | 5.0 g·L−1 1:1 | 12,957 | 5.0 g·L−1 1:2 | 12,449 |
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Wei, C.; Li, F.; Yang, P.; Ren, S.; Wang, S.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Xu, Y.; Wei, R.; Zhang, Y. Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation. Water 2019, 11, 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081548
Wei C, Li F, Yang P, Ren S, Wang S, Wang Y, Xu Z, Xu Y, Wei R, Zhang Y. Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation. Water. 2019; 11(8):1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081548
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Chenchen, Fahu Li, Peiling Yang, Shumei Ren, Shuaijie Wang, Yu Wang, Ziang Xu, Yao Xu, Rong Wei, and Yanxia Zhang. 2019. "Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation" Water 11, no. 8: 1548. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081548