Pluvial Flooding in Utrecht: On Its Way to a Flood-Proof City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
2.1. Governance Capacity Framework
2.2. Method
- Policy review: For all 27 indicators, data (documents, reports, policy) were gathered. By performing this desk study of grey literature and other relevant sources, prior knowledge on all indicators has been obtained. Through this extensive and comprehensive analysis on existing data, a valuable insight into each indicator was acquired. The obtained information formed the core of the analysis. The interviews conducted in step 2 provided further improvements in accuracy, comprehensiveness, awareness and support for the study’s results.
- Interviews: To refine the preliminary scores, more in-depth and case-specific information was collected through nine face-to-face interviews with a wide variety of stakeholders. To select the interviewees, the importance/influence matrix was used. Importance can be defined as a measure for a stakeholder’s (first) concern and interest with a certain activity; whereas Influence alludes to the power and opportunity of a stakeholder to negatively or positively change the accomplishment of that activity [59]. The importance/influence matrix consists of four classes: (1) Subjects (high importance, low influence), (2) Key players (high importance, high influence), (3) Crowd (low importance, low influence) and (4) Context setters (low importance, high influence). For an in-depth understanding of the local urban context, this study focussed on key players and subjects for the interview selection. The nine interviews lasted approximately one hour and were recorded after permission was given. This ensured accuracy and enabled easy comparisons of specific indicators.
- Score determination: Finally, the preliminary score of the policy review and the results of interviews were compared and led to a final score per indicator.
2.3. Case Study: Utrecht (the Netherlands)
3. Results
3.1. Utrecht’s Capacity to Govern Pluvial Flood Risk
3.1.1. Dimension 1: Knowing
3.1.2. Dimension 2: Wanting
3.1.3. Dimension 3: Enabling
3.1.4. Synthesis
3.2. Citizen Engagement
4. Discussion
4.1. Method Validity and Limitations
4.2. Promising Multi-Sectorial Linking Opportunities
4.3. The Role of Citizen Engagement in Municipal Water Management and Climate Adaptation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | Conditions | Indicators |
---|---|---|
Knowing | 1 Awareness | 1.1 Community knowledge |
1.2 Local sense of urgency | ||
1.3 Behavioural internalisation | ||
2 Useful knowledge | 2.1 Information availability | |
2.2 Information transparency | ||
2.3 Knowledge cohesion | ||
3 Continuous learning | 3.1 Smart monitoring | |
3.2 Evaluation | ||
3.3 Cross-stakeholder learning | ||
Wanting | 4 Stakeholder engagement process | 4.1 Stakeholder inclusiveness |
4.2 Protection of core values | ||
4.3 Progress and variety of options | ||
5 Management ambition | 5.1 Ambitious and realistic management | |
5.2 Discourse embedding | ||
5.3 Management cohesion | ||
6 Agents of change | 6.1 Entrepreneurial agents | |
6.2 Collaborative agents | ||
6.3 Visionary agents | ||
Enabling | 7 Multi-level network potential | 7.1 Room to manoeuvre |
7.2 Clear division of responsibilities | ||
7.3 Authority | ||
8 Financial viability | 8.1 Affordability | |
8.2 Consumer willingness-to-pay | ||
8.3 Financial continuation | ||
9 Implementing capacity | 9.1 Policy instruments | |
9.2 Statutory compliance | ||
9.3 Preparedness |
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Brockhoff, R.C.; Koop, S.H.A.; Snel, K.A.W. Pluvial Flooding in Utrecht: On Its Way to a Flood-Proof City. Water 2019, 11, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071501
Brockhoff RC, Koop SHA, Snel KAW. Pluvial Flooding in Utrecht: On Its Way to a Flood-Proof City. Water. 2019; 11(7):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071501
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrockhoff, Romy C., Steven H. A. Koop, and Karin A. W. Snel. 2019. "Pluvial Flooding in Utrecht: On Its Way to a Flood-Proof City" Water 11, no. 7: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071501