Hazard Assessments of Riverbank Flooding and Backward Flows in Dike-Through Drainage Ditches during Moderate Frequent Flooding Events in the Ningxia Reach of the Upper Yellow River (NRYR)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Area
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Basic Multi-Source Data Analysis and Processing
3.2.2. Simulation Model of the Flood Evolution in the NRYR
3.2.3. Flood Hazard Data Information Vectorization and Damage Impact Assessment Method
3.2.4. Hazard Map for the Moderate Frequent Flood Damages in the NRYR
4. Results
4.1. Calibration and Validation of the Hazard Assessment Model for the Moderate Frequent Flooding Events
4.2. Evolution Process of the Moderate Frequent Flooding Events with Different Discharge Values
4.3. Riverbank Inundation Resulting from the Moderate Frequent Flooding and Backward Flows in the Dike-Through Drainage Ditches
4.3.1. Riverbank Inundation Hazard
4.3.2. Backward Flow Hazards of the Dike-Through Drainage Ditches
4.4. Map of the Flood Hazards Related to the Moderate Frequent Flood Damages in the NRYR
5. Discussion
5.1. Applications of This Study’s Integration Method Using GIS and a River Hydrodynamic Model
5.2. Hazard Assessments for Riverbank Inundation Caused by the Moderate Frequent Flooding Events and Backward Flows of the Dike-Through Drainage Ditches
5.3. Potential Impacts on the Study Area of Moderate Frequent Flooding Damages
5.3.1. Impacts on the Coastal Water Diversion Projects
5.3.2. Impacts on the River Regulation Structures
5.3.3. Impacts on the Ecological Environments of the Rivers
5.4. Flood Control and Damage Reduction Measures against Moderate Frequent Flooding in the NRYR
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reach Name | Hazard Categories | Calculation Conditions of Moderate Frequent Flood | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q = 2000 m3/s | Q = 3000 m3/s | Q = 4000 m3/s | Q = 5000 m3/s | ||
Weining Reach of the NRYR | Inundated area of bank (km2) | 7.28 | 10.77 | 13.99 | 18.95 |
Main water-related engineering facilities | Yixintan, Xingongwan, Shuangqiao, Zhaotan | Nitan, Riverside Water Park in Zhongwei City, Yellow River Wetland Park, Yongfeng, Quanyanshan | Dahegong, Xindun, Yangjiahu, Liuwan, Fengzhuang, Kaigewan, Niding | Cuiyunsi, Huangyangwan, Shikongwan, Tiantan, Tongzhuang | |
Qingshi Reach of the NRYR | Inundated area of bank (km2) | 64.75 | 107.24 | 218.68 | 264.56 |
Main water-related engineering facilities | Xiyaozibai, Houwazitan, Sipaikou | Yellow River Ecological Park, Ecological Forest Demonstration Area, Huasan, Donghe, Tonggui, Lihe | Shizuizi Park, Xiabaqing, Beiya, Donglaidian, Toudaodun, Jingxing, Huangsha Ancient Ferry Scenic Area | Jinshui Amusement Park, Changhewan Leisure and Vacation Center, Guangming, Wuxiang, Guanqu |
Ditch Name | H0 (m) | i (‰) | Calculation Conditions of Moderate Frequent Flood | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q = 2000 m3/s | Q = 3000 m3/s | Q = 4000 m3/s | Q = 5000 m3/s | |||||||
H (m) | L (m) | H (m) | L (m) | H (m) | L (m) | H (m) | L (m) | |||
Yuejintuishui | 1201.25 | 0.82 | 1201.06 | 0.00 | 1201.72 | 573.17 | 1202.21 | 1170.73 | 1202.56 | 1597.56 |
Qixing | 1189.62 | 1.37 | 1189.80 | 131.39 | 1190.42 | 583.94 | 1190.90 | 934.31 | 1191.23 | 1175.18 |
Zhangyu | 1175.30 | 1.46 | 1176.04 | 506.85 | 1176.62 | 904.11 | 1177.07 | 1212.33 | 1177.44 | 1465.75 |
Nanhezi | 1158.34 | 0.98 | 1160.05 | 1744.90 | 1160.68 | 2387.76 | 1161.20 | 2918.37 | 1161.52 | 3244.90 |
Qinbaguan | 1126.69 | 0.53 | 1126.41 | 0.00 | 1126.99 | 566.04 | 1127.55 | 1622.64 | 1127.94 | 2358.49 |
Qingshui | 1114.67 | 0.95 | 1115.81 | 1200.00 | 1116.73 | 2168.42 | 1117.23 | 2694.74 | 1117.54 | 3021.05 |
Luojia | 1110.72 | 0.66 | 1111.42 | 1060.61 | 1112.62 | 2878.79 | 1113.10 | 3606.06 | 1113.42 | 4090.91 |
No. 5 Paishui | 1087.56 | 0.52 | 1089.75 | 4211.54 | 1091.21 | 7019.23 | 1092.45 | 9403.85 | 1093.17 | 10,788.46 |
No. 3 Paishui | 1085.68 | 0.94 | 1087.78 | 2234.04 | 1089.02 | 3553.19 | 1090.13 | 4734.04 | 1090.49 | 5117.02 |
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Tian, F.; Ma, B.; Yuan, X.; Wang, X.; Yue, Z. Hazard Assessments of Riverbank Flooding and Backward Flows in Dike-Through Drainage Ditches during Moderate Frequent Flooding Events in the Ningxia Reach of the Upper Yellow River (NRYR). Water 2019, 11, 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071477
Tian F, Ma B, Yuan X, Wang X, Yue Z. Hazard Assessments of Riverbank Flooding and Backward Flows in Dike-Through Drainage Ditches during Moderate Frequent Flooding Events in the Ningxia Reach of the Upper Yellow River (NRYR). Water. 2019; 11(7):1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071477
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Fuchang, Bin Ma, Ximin Yuan, Xiujie Wang, and Zhichun Yue. 2019. "Hazard Assessments of Riverbank Flooding and Backward Flows in Dike-Through Drainage Ditches during Moderate Frequent Flooding Events in the Ningxia Reach of the Upper Yellow River (NRYR)" Water 11, no. 7: 1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071477