Non-Parametric Regression Analysis of Diuron and Gabapentin Degradation in Lake Constance Water by Ozonation and Their Toxicity Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material and Water Quality Measurement Methods
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Experimental Process and Data Analysis
2.4. Ozone Measurement
2.5. Pollutants’ Concentration Measurement
2.6. Toxicity Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterisation of Lake Constance Water and Inlet Ozone Concentration
3.2. Degradation and Mineralization of the Pollutants
3.3. Toxicity Assessment
3.4. Kruskal–Wallis Test
3.5. Generalised Linear Model
3.6. Gaussian Model Prediction
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gradient Programme no. | Time (min) | Eluent A (%) | Eluent B (%) | Volume Flow (µL min−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 95 | 5 | 300 |
1 | 0.5 | 80 | 20 | 300 |
2 | 10 | 20 | 80 | 300 |
3 | 12 | 20 | 80 | 300 |
4 | 12.5 | 95 | 5 | 300 |
5 | 20 | 95 | 5 | 300 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
pH | 8.0 ± 0.09 at 25 °C |
Temperature | 7.0 ± 2.5 °C |
Turbidity | 0.30 ± 0.03 NTU |
Colour at 436 nm | 0.10 ± 0.02 m−1 |
UV-abs at 254 nm | 3.1 ± 0.1 m−1 |
TOC | 1.2 ± 0.1 mg L−1 |
Diuron | <LOQ (10 ng L−1) |
Gabapentin | 40 ng L−1 |
Organic Compound | Low-Level Inlet mgO3 L−1 | Medium Level Inlet mgO3 L−1 | High-Level Inlet mgO3 L−1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | Average | R1 | R2 | Average | R1 | R2 | Average | |
Diuron | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
Gabapentin | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
R1: replication 1; R2: replication 2 |
Gabapentin | Diuron | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
min | (R1) mgO3 L−1 | (R2) mgO3 L−1 | Average | Variance | min | (R1) mgO3 L−1 | (R2) mgO3 L−1 | Average | Variance |
0 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0 | 0 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 3.59 × 10−5 |
1 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 5.75 × 10−3 | 1 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.28 | 1.10 × 10−3 |
5 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0 | 5 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 2.02 × 10−4 |
15 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 8.98 × 10−5 | 15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 2.24 × 10−5 |
20 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 20 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 2.02 × 10−4 |
30 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 3.48 × 10−4 | 30 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 9.66 × 10−5 |
40 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 3.59 × 10−4 | 40 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 1.44 × 10−3 |
45 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 2.24 × 10−5 | 45 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 5.75 × 10−3 |
0 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 3.59 × 10−4 | 0 | 0.86 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 3.59 × 10−4 |
1 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 5.75 × 10−3 | 1 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.30 | 1.40 × 10−2 |
5 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 2.24 × 10−5 | 5 | 0.13 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 5.05 × 10−3 |
15 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0 | 15 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 2.24 × 10−3 |
20 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 5.61 × 10−4 | 20 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 3.24 × 10−3 |
30 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 2.02 × 10−4 | 30 | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 7.27 × 10−3 |
40 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 2.24 × 10−3 | 40 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.36 | 1.06 × 10−2 |
45 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 4.40 × 10−3 | 45 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 1.09 × 10−2 |
0 | 0.91 | 0.9 | 0.90 | 6.27 × 10−5 | 0 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 2.24 × 10−5 |
1 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 7.08 × 10−5 | 1 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.51 | 8.98 × 10−5 |
5 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 2.52 × 10−5 | 5 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 5.62 × 10−5 |
15 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 6.84 × 10−6 | 15 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 3.61 × 10−5 |
20 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 8.00 × 10−8 | 20 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 4.90 × 10−3 |
30 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 4.51 × 10−5 | 30 | 0.59 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 7.20 × 10−4 |
40 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 2.81 × 10−5 | 40 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 6.20 × 10−3 |
45 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 6.90 × 10−3 | 45 | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.43 | 4.82 × 10−3 |
Organic-Pollutant | Chi-Squared | Degree of Freedom | P-Value | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diuron | 35.70 | 2 | 1.7 × 10−8 | Significant |
Gabapentin | 33.15 | 2 | 6.3 × 10−8 | Significant |
Analyte | Model | Interaction Studied | Significant Interaction (Ozone × Reaction Time) | AIC | Model Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diuron | |||||
Poisson | No | - | Infinity | No | |
Gaussian | No | - | 220.69 | Yes | |
Poisson | Yes | Yes | Infinity | No | |
Gaussian | Yes | Yes | 208.89 | Yes | |
Gabapentin | |||||
Poisson | No | - | Infinity | No | |
Gaussian | No | - | 188.15 | Yes | |
Poisson | Yes | Yes | Infinity | No | |
Gaussian | Yes | No | 189.46 | Yes | |
AIC: Akaike information criterion |
Analyte | Estimate | Coefficients | Std. Error | z Value | P | Significant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diuron | ||||||
Intercept | 88.37 | 9.76 | 9.06 | 1.06 × 10−8 | Yes | |
Ozone | −64.01 | 16.33 | −3.92 | 0.000789 | Yes | |
Reaction time | 0.98 | 0.27 | 3.58 | 0.001747 | Yes | |
Gabapentin | ||||||
Intercept | 39.42 | 5.44 | 7.25 | 3.84 × 10−7 | Yes | |
Ozone | −45.08 | 10.96 | −4.11 | 0.000497 | Yes | |
Reaction time | 1.55 | 0.16 | 9.56 | 4.27 × 10−9 | Yes |
Analyte | Estimate | Coefficients | Std. Error | z Value | P | Significant | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diuron | |||||||
Intercept | 112.84 | 9.73 | 11.59 | 2.49 × 10−10 | Yes | ||
Ozone | −112.60 | 0.39 | −0.82 | 0.424535 | No | ||
Reaction time | −0.33 | 17.59 | −6.40 | 3.04 × 10−6 | Yes | ||
Ozone × Reaction time | 2.86 | 0.73 | 3.94 | 0.000804 | Yes | ||
Gabapentin | |||||||
Intercept | 41.31 | 6.02 | 6.862 | 0.00000115 | Yes | ||
Ozone | −48.50 | 11.94 | −4.06 | 0.0006 | Yes | ||
Reaction time | 1.30 | 0.36 | 3.58 | 0.0019 | Yes | ||
Ozone × Reaction time | 1.60 | 2.09 | 0.77 | 0.4530 | No |
Pollutant | Interaction | Correlation |
---|---|---|
Diuron | ||
No | 0.67 | |
Yes | 0.84 | |
Gabapentin | ||
No | 0.94 | |
Yes | 0.94 |
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Goswami, A.; Jiang, J.-Q.; Petri, M. Non-Parametric Regression Analysis of Diuron and Gabapentin Degradation in Lake Constance Water by Ozonation and Their Toxicity Assessment. Water 2019, 11, 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040852
Goswami A, Jiang J-Q, Petri M. Non-Parametric Regression Analysis of Diuron and Gabapentin Degradation in Lake Constance Water by Ozonation and Their Toxicity Assessment. Water. 2019; 11(4):852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040852
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoswami, Anuradha, Jia-Qian Jiang, and Michael Petri. 2019. "Non-Parametric Regression Analysis of Diuron and Gabapentin Degradation in Lake Constance Water by Ozonation and Their Toxicity Assessment" Water 11, no. 4: 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040852