Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the primary land use classes that change seasonally in the Kikuletwa river basin? and
- Is there a difference in the estimated water withdrawals from agricultural land uses when seasonal versus static land use maps are used?
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Reference Data and Ground Truthing
2.3. Pre-Processing of the Landsat Data
2.4. NDVI Computation for the Kikuletwa Catchment
2.5. Image Classification and Seasonal Land Use Change
2.6. Classification Accuracy
2.7. Quantifying Irrigation Water Withdrawals Using Seasonal Land Use Maps
3. Results
3.1. Crop Calendar
3.2. NDVI Analysis for the Kikuletwa Catchment
3.3. Classification Accuracy Assessment
3.4. Image Classification and Seasonal LULC Change
3.5. The Hydrological Implication of Seasonal Land Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. The Main Land Uses
5.2. Differences in Water Withdrawals
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LULC Class | Description |
---|---|
Dense forest land | Land with a tree canopy cover of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. |
Afro-alpine forest | Land area covered with trees, including endemics; for instance, the giant lobelias and groundsels [30]. |
Sub-alpine grassland | Area in high altitudes dominated by Helichrysum cushion vegetation [24]. |
Sub-alpine bushland | Area in high altitudes dominated by Erica bush [24]. |
Water | Permanent water more than 200 by 200 m coverage. |
Waterweed | Area more than 200 by 200 m covered with water and weed plants. |
Irrigated banana and coffee | Rain-fed and supplement-irrigated area dominated by a mixture of banana and coffee on the same farm plots of more than 0.5 ha. |
Irrigated banana, coffee and maize | Rain-fed and supplement-irrigated area dominated by a mixture of crops, such as banana, coffee, and maize, on the same farm plots of more than 0.5 ha. |
Irrigated mixed crops | Irrigated area of more than 0.5 ha dominated by vegetables, such as tomatoes, onions, eggplant, irrigated maize, and rice. |
Irrigated sugarcane | Irrigated and supplement rain-fed area of more than 1 ha and used to produce sugarcane. |
Bare land | Land with soils and less than 4% of vegetation cover [21]. |
Protected woodland | Tree-covered area with several naturally occurring grass types and subsequently managed due to owner decision. |
Unprotected woodland | Tree-covered area with several naturally occurring grass types, used for grazing from June. More than 0.5-ha coverage area. |
Grazed shrubland | Areas with a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by grasses, shrubs, and small trees, used for grazing from June. More than 0.5-ha coverage area. |
Grazed grassland | Areas with natural grassland, used for grazing mainly from June. More than 0.5-ha coverage area. |
Urban/settlement | Residential, commercial services, industrial, and mixed urban areas. |
Sparse vegetation | Areas with naturally growing scattered short vegetation (5–15% coverage) [21]. |
Sparse vegetation and/or bare land | Areas with scattered vegetation or mixed shrub with bare land/crop land (5%–15% coverage) [21]. |
Shrubland and thickets | Areas with a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by 50% shrubs and may include grasses, herbs, and geophytes. |
Training Point | March | August | October |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rain-fed maize | Bare land | Bare land |
2 | Rain-fed maize | Bare land | Irrigated mixed crops |
3 | Rain-fed maize | Irrigated mixed crops | Irrigated mixed crops |
4 | Irrigated sugar cane | Irrigated mixed crops | Irrigated mixed crops |
5 | Bare land | Bare land | Irrigated mixed crops |
6 | Grazed grassland | Bare land | Bare land |
Crops | January | Feburary | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize irrigated | ||||||||||||||
Vegetables_irrigated | ||||||||||||||
sugarcane | ||||||||||||||
Banana | ||||||||||||||
Coffee | ||||||||||||||
Beans Irrigated | ||||||||||||||
Beans rainfed | ||||||||||||||
Maize rainfed | ||||||||||||||
Vegetable_rainfed | ||||||||||||||
Rice irrigated | ||||||||||||||
Rice rainfed | ||||||||||||||
Legend | Planting | Early stage | Mid stage | Harvest/End stage | Throughout year |
Class Name | 28-March-2016 | 3-August-2016 | 22-October-2016 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Area% | Producer’s * | User’s * | Area% | Producer’s * | User’s * | Area% | Producer’s * | User’s * |
Water | 0.08 | 100 | 100 | 0.13 | 91 | 100 | 0.10 | 100 | 100 |
Grazed shrubland | 2.58 | 86 | 100 | 1.74 | 88 | 100 | 0.50 | 88 | 100 |
Grazed grassland | 6.73 | 80 | 57 | 6.76 | 80 | 67 | 4.81 | 75 | 86 |
Bare land | 3.25 | 100 | 100 | 13.10 | 94 | 83 | 15.33 | 94 | 89 |
sparse vegetation | 2.21 | 100 | 100 | 1.73 | 100 | 80 | 1.66 | 100 | 100 |
Rainfed Maize | 16.56 | 80 | 92 | ||||||
Irrigated Sugarcane | 1.29 | 100 | 100 | 0.44 | 100 | 100 | 0.34 | 100 | 100 |
Afro_Alpine forest | 0.23 | 100 | 100 | 0.72 | 100 | 100 | 0.52 | 100 | 100 |
Sub_Alpine grassland | 0.06 | 0.40 | 100 | 100 | 0.05 | 100 | 100 | ||
Sub_alpine bushland | 0.01 | 100 | 100 | 0.17 | 100 | 100 | 0.02 | 67 | 100 |
Unprotected woodland | 0.81 | 67 | 100 | 0.96 | 83 | 100 | 0.26 | 63 | 100 |
Protected woodland | 3.28 | 88 | 100 | 0.83 | 75 | 100 | 0.39 | 88 | 100 |
Irrigated mixed crops | 2.14 | 60 | 86 | 13.04 | 100 | 92 | 7.73 | 100 | 88 |
Irrigated Banana and coffee | 10.02 | 100 | 100 | 8.23 | 100 | 100 | 9.41 | 100 | 67 |
Irrigated Banana coffee and maize | 5.35 | 67 | 67 | 1.53 | 67 | 100 | 6.58 | 100 | 100 |
Water weed | 0.19 | 100 | 100 | 0.21 | 100 | 100 | 0.22 | 75 | 100 |
Urban_Buildings/Settlement | 1.06 | 67 | 100 | 0.59 | 60 | 100 | 0.28 | 71 | 100 |
Sparse vegetation and/or bare land | 7.83 | 89 | 73 | 8.21 | 89 | 89 | 13.96 | 100 | 82 |
Shrubland and/or Thickets | 30.55 | 86 | 71 | 34.49 | 73 | 67 | 31.56 | 100 | 79 |
Dense Forest | 5.77 | 100 | 100 | 6.73 | 100 | 83 | 6.28 | 100 | 100 |
Cloud cover | 2.17 | 1.43 | 1.09 | ||||||
Overall | 85.5 | 88.5 | 91.6 | ||||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.91 |
Scenario 1 | P (mm/Season) | ET (mm/Season) | Area (km2) | ||||||||
Agricultural Land Use | Long Rains | Dry | Short Rains | Long Rains | Dry | Short Rains | Long Rains | Dry | Short Rains | Annual P-ET (mm) | % ET |
Irrigated sugarcane | 396 | 14 | 210 | 467 | 308 | 309 | 78.23 | 26.71 | 20.45 | −463 | 43 |
Irrigated mixed crops | 358 | 11 | 241 | 339 | 173 | 231 | 130.24 | 792.27 | 469.58 | −132 | 18 |
Irrigated banana and coffee | 634 | 34 | 302 | 602 | 353 | 442 | 608.70 | 500.19 | 572.04 | −428 | 31 |
Irrigated banana, coffee, and maize | 485 | 35 | 308 | 473 | 318 | 308 | 325.34 | 92.85 | 399.86 | −272 | 25 |
Scenario 2 | P (mm/Season) | ET (mm/Season) | Area (km2) | ||||||||
Agricultural Land Use | Long Rains | Dry | Short Rains | Long Rains | Dry | Short Rains | static | Annual P-ET (mm) | %ET | ||
Irrigated sugarcane | 396 | 14 | 237 | 467 | 257 | 285 | 78.23 | −362 | 36 | ||
Irrigated mixed crops | 358 | 9 | 251 | 339 | 160 | 213 | 130.24 | −93 | 13 | ||
Irrigated banana and coffee | 634 | 30 | 301 | 602 | 338 | 417 | 608.70 | −393 | 29 |
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Msigwa, A.; Komakech, H.C.; Verbeiren, B.; Salvadore, E.; Hessels, T.; Weerasinghe, I.; Griensven, A.v. Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals. Water 2019, 11, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122471
Msigwa A, Komakech HC, Verbeiren B, Salvadore E, Hessels T, Weerasinghe I, Griensven Av. Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals. Water. 2019; 11(12):2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122471
Chicago/Turabian StyleMsigwa, Anna, Hans C. Komakech, Boud Verbeiren, Elga Salvadore, Tim Hessels, Imeshi Weerasinghe, and Ann van Griensven. 2019. "Accounting for Seasonal Land Use Dynamics to Improve Estimation of Agricultural Irrigation Water Withdrawals" Water 11, no. 12: 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122471