Characterization of Diffuse Groundwater Inflows into Streamwater (Part I: Spatial and Temporal Mapping Framework Based on Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Piezometry and Differential Gauging
2.3. Temperature Measurements
2.4. Data Post-Processing: Framework for Spatiotemporal Mapping of Groundwater Inflows
- (i)
- The wetland, with a relatively straight channel, shallow flow and almost no high riparian vegetation;
- (ii)
- The woods and upstream part of the meadow, with more pronounced meandering, alternating riffles and pools, and high trees or banks;
- (iii)
- The downstream part of the meadow (including the bridge and the section after it), shaded with low trees and with a large streambed;
- (iv)
- The swamp beyond the confluence with the Vilqué, always shaded with taller trees, larger meanders, and deeper flow, with alternating riffles and pools.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flow Variability and Hydrological Behavior
3.2. Groundwater Inflow Mapping over Time and Space
3.3. Comparing the SD Method and Framework Based on DTS
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Mean Bias (°C) | RMSE (°C) |
---|---|---|
Cold bath | 0.016 | 0.022 |
Warm bath | 0.016 | 0.017 |
Streamwater | 0.150 | 0.180 |
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Le Lay, H.; Thomas, Z.; Rouault, F.; Pichelin, P.; Moatar, F. Characterization of Diffuse Groundwater Inflows into Streamwater (Part I: Spatial and Temporal Mapping Framework Based on Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing). Water 2019, 11, 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112389
Le Lay H, Thomas Z, Rouault F, Pichelin P, Moatar F. Characterization of Diffuse Groundwater Inflows into Streamwater (Part I: Spatial and Temporal Mapping Framework Based on Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing). Water. 2019; 11(11):2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112389
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe Lay, Hugo, Zahra Thomas, François Rouault, Pascal Pichelin, and Florentina Moatar. 2019. "Characterization of Diffuse Groundwater Inflows into Streamwater (Part I: Spatial and Temporal Mapping Framework Based on Fiber Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing)" Water 11, no. 11: 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112389