Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Case Study: Gulf Scale Environmental Impact
1.2. Gulf-Wide Circulation
1.3. Gulf-Wide Salinity
2. Materials and Methods
Delft3D Model
3. Results
3.1. Current Speed Calibration
3.2. Tidal Response Calibration
3.3. Hormuz Strait Calibration
3.4. Nested Models
- Outer = ~4 km grid (0.05 degrees)—entire Gulf
- Mid = ~1 km grid (0.01 degrees), offshore of Kuwait to ~40 km
- Fine = ~500 m grid (0.005 degrees), offshore of Kuwait to ~25 km
- Finest = 250 m grid (0.0025 degrees), offshore to Kuwait to ~10 km
- Locations ~4 km away (horizontal grid resolution of the outer model), shown in red;
- Locations ~1 km away (resolution of the mid-scale model), shown in green;
- Locations ~500 m away (resolution of the fine model), shown in blue; and
- Locations ~250 m away (resolution of the finest model), shown in yellow.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flow | Annual Flow (Expressed as Equivalent Gulf-Wide Precipitation Rate, m/yr) |
---|---|
Inflow through the Strait of Hormuz | +33.7 m/yr |
Outflow through the Strait of Hormuz | −32.1 m/yr |
Evaporation | observed −1.4 to −2.1 m/yr, model estimated −1.8 m/yr |
River inflow | +0.2 m/yr |
Rainfall | observed +0.07 to +0.15 m/yr, model estimated +0.09 m/yr |
Desalination | up to −0.04 m/yr (may be smaller in magnitude, due to the return of some of the freshwater back into the Gulf after domestic/industrial use) [22] |
Test Locations ~4km from Source | Test Locations ~1km from Source | Test Locations ~0.5km from Source | Test Locations ~0.25km from Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outer model (0.05 deg, ~4km) | 2869, 3505, 2936, 4090 | 2902, 2879, 2879, 2879 | 2864, 2868, 2871, 2856 | 2855, 2855, 2856, 2846, 2846 |
Mid model (0.01 deg, ~1km) | 4256, 3569, 2960, 852 | 189, 156, 194, 106 | 93, 94, 117, 94 | 67, 68, 77, 70, 62 |
Fine model (0.005 deg, ~500m) | 12555, 311, 8138, 566 | 331, 311, 893, 158 | 151, 124, 218, 92 | 62, 63, 71, 52, 42 |
Finest model (0.0025 deg, ~250m) | 13237, 609, 7726, 557 | 286, 609, 1311, 160 | 134, 228, 386, 82 | 44, 33, 59, 27, 14 |
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Share and Cite
Chow, A.C.; Verbruggen, W.; Morelissen, R.; Al-Osairi, Y.; Ponnumani, P.; Lababidi, H.M.S.; Al-Anzi, B.; Adams, E.E. Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf. Water 2019, 11, 2284. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112284
Chow AC, Verbruggen W, Morelissen R, Al-Osairi Y, Ponnumani P, Lababidi HMS, Al-Anzi B, Adams EE. Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf. Water. 2019; 11(11):2284. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112284
Chicago/Turabian StyleChow, Aaron C., Wilbert Verbruggen, Robin Morelissen, Yousef Al-Osairi, Poornima Ponnumani, Haitham M. S. Lababidi, Bader Al-Anzi, and E. Eric Adams. 2019. "Numerical Prediction of Background Buildup of Salinity Due to Desalination Brine Discharges into the Northern Arabian Gulf" Water 11, no. 11: 2284. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112284