Release of Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials and Associated Risks of a Novel Water Sterilization Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Synthesis of Sterilization Materials
2.2. Methodology for Assessing Release of Nanomaterials and Dissolved Metals
2.3. Characterization of Released Nanomaterials and Dissolved Metals
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Sterilization Carbon Cloth
3.2. Media Impact on Metal Releases from Sterilization Carbon Cloth Containing Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials
3.2.1. Silver Release
3.2.2. Zinc Release
3.3. Indicative Risk Evaluation of Released Ag and Zn from Sterilization Carbon Cloth Containing Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials to Environment and Human Health
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TENG | Wave-driven triboelectric nanogenerator |
CFU | Colony forming units |
ZnO-NW | ZnO-nanowires |
AgNPs | Silver nanoparticles |
EF | Electrical field |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope |
TEM | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
EDX | Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) |
ICP-MS | Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry |
SP-ICP-MS | Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry |
CC | Carbon cloth (CC) |
ZnO-CC | Carbon cloth containing ZnO-NW |
Ag/ZnO-CC | Carbon cloth containing AgNPs and ZnO-NW |
NOM | Natural organic matters |
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Metals | Zn (mg) | Ag (mg) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC Type | CC | ZnO-CC | Ag/ZnO-CC | Ag/ZnO-CC | ||||
Medium | MilliQ | EPA | MilliQ | EPA | MilliQ | EPA | MilliQ | EPA |
Remaining on CC (5 days) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 18.56 | 20.52 | 27.19 | 30.67 | 0.50 | 0.39 |
Total release (medium) 1 | < 0.06 | < 0.06 | 1.90 | 0.12 | 1.54 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.06 |
Adsorption on tubes | - | - | 0.04 | 0.98 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.003 |
Recovery based on mass balance 2 | - | - | −3.2% | +3.2% | +11.8% | +20.5% | −55.8% | −71.6% |
Washing Methods | Media | MilliQ Media | EPA Media | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | Zn (µg/L) | Ag (µg/L) | Zn (µg/L) | Ag (µg/L) | |
MilliQ (6th day) | Control | < 20 | < 1 | < 20 | < 1 |
CC | < 20 | < 1 | < 20 | < 1 | |
ZnO-CC | < 20 | < 1 | < 20 | < 1 | |
Ag/ZnO-CC | < 20 | < 1 | 70.5 ± 4.16 | 1.11 ± 0.018 | |
10% HNO3 (7th day) | Control | < 20 | < 1 | <1 | < 1 |
CC | < 20 | < 1 | 23.52 ± 3.78 | < 1 | |
ZnO-CC | 142.52 ± 5.65 | < 1 | 327.3 ± 11.5 | < 1 | |
Ag/ZnO-CC | 496.06 ± 120.6 | 50.37 ± 2.69 | 754.53 ± 18.75 | < 1 |
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Pang, C.; Mackevica, A.; Tian, J.; Feng, H.; Li, Z.; Baun, A. Release of Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials and Associated Risks of a Novel Water Sterilization Technology. Water 2019, 11, 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112276
Pang C, Mackevica A, Tian J, Feng H, Li Z, Baun A. Release of Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials and Associated Risks of a Novel Water Sterilization Technology. Water. 2019; 11(11):2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112276
Chicago/Turabian StylePang, Chengfang, Aiga Mackevica, Jingjing Tian, Hongqing Feng, Zhou Li, and Anders Baun. 2019. "Release of Ag/ZnO Nanomaterials and Associated Risks of a Novel Water Sterilization Technology" Water 11, no. 11: 2276. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112276