Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Calculation of Water Requirement, Effective Rainfall, and Irrigation Demand
2.4. Spatial Analysis and Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Temporal Variation in Oat Water Requirements in North and Northeast China from 1960 to 2015
3.2. The Spatial Variation in Oat Water Requirements in North and Northeast China from 1960 to 2015
3.3. The Variation in Climatic Factors during the Oat Growing Season from 1960 to 2015
3.4. Impact of Climate Change on Oat Water Requirements during the Growth Period
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Decades | North China | Northeast China | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ETc Water Requirement | Er Effective Rainfall | ETaw Irrigation Demand | ETc Water Requirement | Er Effective Rainfall | ETaw Irrigation Demand | |
1960–1969 | 340.1 | 108.4 | 231.7 | 344.4 | 148.8 | 195.6 |
1970–1979 | 335.7 | 110.5 | 225.2 | 340.5 | 161.1 | 179.3 |
1980–1989 | 339.1 | 106.8 | 232.3 | 343.5 | 161.9 | 181.7 |
1990–1999 | 328.5 | 123.8 | 204.6 | 330.3 | 175.3 | 154.9 |
2000–2015 | 320.1 | 106.0 | 214.1 | 338.6 | 160.0 | 178.8 |
Station | ETc Water Requirement | Er Effective Rainfall | ETaw Irrigation Demand |
---|---|---|---|
Duolun County | 357.8 | 148.8 | 209.0 |
Fengning County | 317.6 | 156.4 | 161.2 |
Youyu County | 316.9 | 125.7 | 191.2 |
Zhangjiakou City | 305.7 | 88.8 | 216.9 |
Hohhot City | 332.6 | 105.9 | 226.7 |
Chahar Right Front Banner | 345.2 | 88.0 | 257.1 |
Datong City | 351.3 | 113.6 | 237.7 |
Ulgai District | 336.8 | 88.9 | 247.9 |
Abag Banner | 349.9 | 84.2 | 265.6 |
Baicheng City | 362.2 | 132.2 | 230.0 |
Chifeng City | 341.9 | 115.3 | 226.6 |
Harbin City | 339.3 | 173.5 | 165.8 |
Nenjiang County | 355.1 | 225.9 | 129.2 |
Shenyang City | 331.2 | 182.6 | 148.6 |
Ulanhot City | 308.4 | 137.3 | 171.1 |
Station | Mean Temperature (°C) | Daily Precipitation (mm) | Mean Wind Speed (m/s) | Sunshine Duration (hours/day) | Mean Relative Humidity (%) | Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duolun County | 13.09/0.0285 ** | 1.62/−0.0036 | 3.62/−0.0146 ** | 9.17/−0.0331 ** | 53.87/−0.0261 | 22.31/−0.0452 ** |
Fengning County | 17.80/0.0130 | 2.06/0.0013 | 2.26/0.0017 | 8.53/−0.0114 * | 53.21/0.0165 | 21.77/−0.0159 * |
Youyu County | 15.03/0.0228 ** | 1.58/0.0017 | 2.67/−0.0182 ** | 9.14/−0.0121 | 51.98/−0.0983 * | 22.76/−0.0171 * |
Zhangjiakou City | 17.21/0.0280 ** | 1.21/0.0077 * | 2.79/−0.0306 ** | 8.87/−0.0205 ** | 41.57/−0.0165 | 21.93/−0.0284 ** |
Hohhot City | 17.80/0.0430 ** | 1.31/0.0001 | 2.18/0.0011 | 9.24/−0.0185 ** | 43.83/−0.1977 ** | 22.80/−0.0258 ** |
Chahar Right Front Banner | 14.42/0.0282 ** | 1.16/0.0020 | 4.10/−0.0553 ** | 9.73/0.0058 | 42.65/−0.0689 | 23.39/0.0079 |
Datong City | 17.50/0.0317 ** | 1.38/0.0005 | 3.15/−0.0025 | 8.65/−0.0113 * | 46.23/−0.1171 ** | 22.06/−0.0160 * |
Ulgai District | 14.59/0.0357 ** | 1.09/0.0011 | 3.74/−0.0273 ** | 9.43/−0.0062 | 45.58/−0.0359 | 22.44/−0.0082 |
Abag Banner | 14.51/0.0375 ** | 1.05/−0.0024 | 4.15/−0.0223 ** | 9.62/−0.0206 ** | 43.16/−0.0795 | 22.90/−0.0277 ** |
Baicheng City | 17.04/0.0290 ** | 1.73/−0.0014 | 4.00/−0.0301 ** | 8.77/−0.0262 ** | 51.44/0.0015 | 21.40/−0.0352 ** |
Chifeng City | 17.54/0.0113 | 1.44/0.0036 | 2.79/−0.0096 * | 8.91/−0.0034 | 45.34/0.0544 | 22.03/−0.0047 |
Harbin City | 16.39/0.0389 ** | 2.05/0.0090 | 3.82/−0.0502 ** | 8.17/−0.0229 ** | 57.53/−0.0134 | 20.61/−0.0303 ** |
Nenjiang County | 17.04/0.0377 ** | 2.63/0.0025 | 3.72/0.0046 | 8.73/0.0031 | 63.99/−0.1297 ** | 21.12/0.0024 |
Shenyang City | 17.88/0.0168 * | 2.33/0.0092 | 3.39/−0.0178 ** | 7.90/−0.0342 ** | 59.78/0.0218 | 20.65/−0.0468 ** |
Ulanhot City | 18.04/0.0365 ** | 2.12/0.0071 | 3.31/−0.0269 ** | 8.98/−0.0153 ** | 50.22/−0.0582 | 21.96/−0.0205 ** |
Station | Mean Temperature (°C) | Daily Precipitation (mm) | Mean Wind Speed (m/s) | Sunshine Duration (hours/day) | Mean Relative Humidity (%) | Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duolun County | 0.137 | −0.250 | 0.434 ** | 0.526 ** | −0.541 ** | 0.531 ** |
Fengning County | 0.361 ** | −0.220 | 0.594 ** | 0.318 * | −0.389 ** | 0.324 * |
Youyu County | 0.054 | −0.133 | 0.509 ** | 0.537 ** | −0.387 ** | 0.542 ** |
Zhangjiakou City | 0.020 | −0.433 ** | 0.598 ** | 0.449 ** | −0.430 ** | 0.453 ** |
Hohhot City | 0.215 | −0.278 * | 0.605 ** | 0.407 ** | −0.441 ** | 0.410 ** |
Chahar Right Front Banner | 0.087 | −0.225 | 0.596 ** | 0.181 | −0.304 * | 0.186 |
Datong City | 0.388 ** | −0.106 | 0.511 ** | 0.369 ** | −0.441 ** | 0.371 ** |
Ulgai District | 0.327 * | −0.502 ** | 0.391 ** | 0.434 ** | −0.716 ** | 0.438 ** |
Abag Banner | 0.268 | −0.385 ** | 0.360 ** | 0.534 ** | −0.615 ** | 0.538 ** |
Baicheng City | 0.151 | −0.256 | 0.462 ** | 0.501 ** | −0.579 ** | 0.505 ** |
Chifeng City | 0.421 ** | −0.307 * | 0.559 ** | 0.318 * | −0.558 ** | 0.325 * |
Harbin City | 0.163 | −0.343 * | 0.424 ** | 0.697 ** | −0.402 ** | 0.700 ** |
Nenjiang County | 0.625 ** | −0.348 * | 0.229 | 0.663 ** | −0.547 ** | 0.652 ** |
Shenyang City | 0.304 * | −0.253 | 0.674 ** | 0.539 ** | −0.631 ** | 0.541 ** |
Ulanhot City | 0.285 * | −0.539 ** | 0.342 * | 0.423 ** | −0.577 ** | 0.425 ** |
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Jia, H.; Zhang, T.; Yin, X.; Shang, M.; Chen, F.; Lei, Y.; Chu, Q. Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China. Water 2019, 11, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010091
Jia H, Zhang T, Yin X, Shang M, Chen F, Lei Y, Chu Q. Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China. Water. 2019; 11(1):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010091
Chicago/Turabian StyleJia, Hao, Ting Zhang, Xiaogang Yin, Mengfei Shang, Fu Chen, Yongdeng Lei, and Qingquan Chu. 2019. "Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China" Water 11, no. 1: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010091
APA StyleJia, H., Zhang, T., Yin, X., Shang, M., Chen, F., Lei, Y., & Chu, Q. (2019). Impact of Climate Change on the Water Requirements of Oat in Northeast and North China. Water, 11(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010091