Simulation of the Water Dynamics and Root Water Uptake of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Irrigation Design
2.4. Measurement Methods
3. The Model for the Soil Water Dynamics of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths
3.1. Governing Equation
3.2. Initial Condition
3.3. Boundary Conditions
3.4. Model Parameter Calibration
3.5. Model Evaluation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Winter Wheat at Different Irrigation Depths
4.2. Evaluation of the Soil Water Movement Model in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths
4.3. Simulation Analysis of Soil Water Dynamics at Different Irrigation Depths
4.4. Simulation Analysis of RWU of Winter Wheat During Irrigation at Different Soil Depths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depths | Soil Texture Composition (%) | Soil Texture | Bulk Density | Field Capacity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | 0.02–2 mm | 0.002–0.02 mm | <0.002 mm | (g/cm3) | (cm3/cm3) | |
0–20 | 34.4 | 49.0 | 16.6 | Silty clay loam | 1.49 | 0.295 |
20–50 | 33.6 | 50.0 | 16.4 | Silty clay loam | 1.61 | 0.277 |
50–90 | 33.3 | 45.8 | 20.9 | Silty clay loam | 1.62 | 0.291 |
90–160 | 29.8 | 49.3 | 20.9 | Silty clay loam | 1.63 | 0.304 |
160–210 | 22.3 | 53.0 | 24.7 | Silty clay loam | 1.54 | 0.340 |
210–300 | 25.4 | 51.7 | 22.9 | Silty clay loam | 1.51 | 0.317 |
Treatment | Irrigation Time | Irrigation Hole Depth (cm) | Amount of Irrigation Per Hole (mm) | Maximum Root Depth (cm) | Irrigation Scheme Depth (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 20 December | 0 | 67.5 | 100 | 0 |
8 March | 0 | 67.5 | 200 | 0 | |
4 April | 0 | 67.5 | 300 | 0 | |
27 April | 0 | 67.5 | 300 | 0 | |
10 May | 0 | 67.5 | 300 | 0 | |
T2 | 20 December | 0 | 67.5 | 100 | 0 |
8 March | 0, 30 | 66.5,1 | 200 | 40 | |
4 April | 0, 30, 60, 90 | 43.1, 9.3, 8.4, 6.7 | 300 | 120 | |
27 April | 0, 30, 60, 90 | 20, 15, 16, 16.5 | 300 | 120 | |
10 May | 0, 30, 60, 90 | 14.1, 18, 16.2, 19.2 | 300 | 120 | |
T3 | 20 December | 0 | 67.5 | 100 | 0 |
8 March | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 | 60.8, 2.1, 1.8, 1.8, 1 | 200 | 140 | |
4 April | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 | 34, 12.5, 7.1, 7.9, 0, 1.6, 4.4 | 300 | 210 | |
27 April | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 | 10, 15, 14, 13, 7, 7.7, 0.8 | 300 | 210 | |
10 May | 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 | 3.7, 11.6, 13.8, 13.9, 11.3, 10.9, 2.4 | 300 | 210 |
Soil Layer (cm) | θr (cm3/cm3) | θs (cm3/cm3) | α | n | ks (cm/hour) | h50 (cm) | hcc (cm) | hc (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–20 | 0.032 | 0.418 | 0.060 | 1.526 | 1.780 | −378.35 | −5272.42 | −47.76 |
20–50 | 0.045 | 0.406 | 0.045 | 1.435 | 1.792 | |||
50–90 | 0.060 | 0.402 | 0.078 | 1.387 | 0.793 | |||
90–130 | 0.040 | 0.415 | 0.063 | 1.446 | 0.601 | |||
130–210 | 0.025 | 0.442 | 0.044 | 1.598 | 0.407 | |||
210–300 | 0.033 | 0.450 | 0.050 | 1.645 | 0.133 |
Treatment | a | b | c | d | f | R |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | 8.28 | 0.0348 | 5.00 | 0.0084 | 199 | 0.96 |
T2 | 6.50 | 0.0266 | 7.00 | 0.0098 | 192 | 0.93 |
T3 | 5.50 | 0.0130 | 7.00 | 0.0260 | 205 | 0.86 |
Treatment | MAE (cm3/cm3) | MRE (%) | RMSE (cm3/cm3) |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 0.016 | 6.17 | 0.021 |
T2 | 0.022 | 7.95 | 0.028 |
T3 | 0.017 | 6.38 | 0.025 |
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Guo, X.; Sun, X.; Ma, J.; Lei, T.; Zheng, L.; Wang, P. Simulation of the Water Dynamics and Root Water Uptake of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths. Water 2018, 10, 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081033
Guo X, Sun X, Ma J, Lei T, Zheng L, Wang P. Simulation of the Water Dynamics and Root Water Uptake of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths. Water. 2018; 10(8):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081033
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Xianghong, Xihuan Sun, Juanjuan Ma, Tao Lei, Lijian Zheng, and Pu Wang. 2018. "Simulation of the Water Dynamics and Root Water Uptake of Winter Wheat in Irrigation at Different Soil Depths" Water 10, no. 8: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081033