Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Experimental Methodology
- WQI = water quality index;
- Qi = subindex for the ith water quality parameter;
- Wi = weight associated with the ith water quality parameter;n = number of water quality parameter.
2.4. GIS and Spatial Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Drinking Water Quality Analysis
3.2. Bacterial Activity
3.3. Cations and Anions
3.4. Irrigation Water Quality Analysis
3.5. Heavy Metal Analysis
3.6. General Survey
4. Conclusions
5. Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APHA | American public health association |
As | Arsenic |
B.P. | Blood pressure |
BOD | Biological oxygen demand |
Ca | Calcium |
Cl | Chloride |
CO3 | Carbonate |
COD | Chemical oxygen demand |
Cr | Chromium |
DO | Dissolved oxygen |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
EC | Electrical conductivity |
F | Fluoride |
F. coli | Facial coliform |
FAO | Food and agriculture organization |
Fe | Iron |
GDP | Gross domestic product |
GIS | Geographic information system |
GPS | Global positioning system |
HCO3 | Bi-carbonate |
IDW | Inverse distance weighted |
K | Potassium |
Mg | Magnesium |
n | Number of water quality parameter |
Na | Sodium |
NEQS | National environmental quality standards |
US-NSFWQI | United States—National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index |
NO3 | Nitrate |
°C | Degree Celsius |
PO4 | Phosphate |
Qi | Sub index for ith water quality parameter |
RHC | Rural health center |
R/O | Reverse osmosis |
RSC | Residual sodium carbonate |
SAR | Sodium adsorption ratio |
SO4 | Sulfate |
TDS | Total dissolved solids |
TH | Total hardness |
TP | Total phosphorus |
UTM | Universal transverse mercator |
UV/Vis | Ultraviolet–visible |
WGS-84 | World geodetic system—1984 |
WHO | World Health Organization |
Wi | Weight associated with ith water quality parameter |
WQI | Water quality index |
Zn | Zinc |
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SAR | RSC | Remarks (Irrigation Water Quality) |
---|---|---|
Range (meq/L) | Range (meq/L) | |
<3.00 | <1.50 | Suitable |
3.00–9.00 | 1.50–7.50 | Moderate |
>9.00 | >7.50 | Not suitable |
Samples | Latitude | Longitude | pH | Turbidity | TDS | (PO4) | (NO3) | DO | F-Coli | Na | Ca | Mg | K | HCO3 | CO3 | SO4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | N | E | -- | NTU | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | % | col/100 mL | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L |
1 | 31.49649 | 73.27959 | 8.10 | 4.10 | 1845 | 1.02 | 69.0 | 09.0 | 11.0 | 545 | 111 | 98.0 | 44.0 | 982 | 243 | 350 |
2 | 31.48949 | 73.27823 | 7.90 | 3.80 | 1548 | 1.00 | 53.0 | 08.0 | 09.0 | 613 | 107 | 78.0 | 32.0 | 870 | 250 | 323 |
3 | 31.49141 | 73.28613 | 8.40 | 4.00 | 1643 | 0.67 | 58.0 | 09.0 | 12.0 | 459 | 110 | 88.0 | 38.0 | 892 | 219 | 340 |
4 | 31.45318 | 73.27089 | 7.50 | 1.10 | 1237 | 0.18 | 23.0 | 12.0 | 04.0 | 219 | 87.0 | 47.0 | 77.0 | 652 | 120 | 189 |
5 | 31.47354 | 73.26450 | 7.70 | 2.40 | 1400 | 0.34 | 36.0 | 11.0 | 06.0 | 332 | 98.0 | 53.0 | 65.0 | 760 | 189 | 231 |
6 | 31.48272 | 73.28478 | 7.90 | 3.70 | 2114 | 0.89 | 47.0 | 10.0 | 09.0 | 498 | 139 | 72.0 | 49.0 | 834 | 220 | 298 |
7 | 31.48278 | 73.29746 | 8.30 | 2.90 | 1821 | 0.67 | 42.0 | 08.0 | 07.0 | 471 | 154 | 86.0 | 54.0 | 897 | 204 | 340 |
8 | 31.46933 | 73.29414 | 7.80 | 2.70 | 1404 | 0.56 | 32.0 | 11.0 | 06.0 | 387 | 102 | 72.0 | 68.0 | 724 | 250 | 232 |
9 | 31.48650 | 73.31352 | 7.60 | 2.00 | 1612 | 0.50 | 35.0 | 10.0 | 04.0 | 299 | 98.0 | 55.0 | 54.0 | 760 | 198 | 248 |
10 | 31.46622 | 73.31588 | 7.40 | 0.50 | 1231 | 0.12 | 28.0 | 12.0 | 03.0 | 180 | 78.4 | 46.0 | 89.0 | 688 | 102 | 140 |
11 | 31.49982 | 73.24126 | 7.90 | 3.40 | 1402 | 0.34 | 36.0 | 09.0 | 07.0 | 303 | 76.0 | 59.0 | 65.0 | 698 | 187 | 201 |
12 | 31.48762 | 73.29250 | 8.10 | 3.30 | 1689 | 0.76 | 43.0 | 07.0 | 08.0 | 681 | 132 | 88.0 | 38.0 | 850 | 229 | 288 |
13 | 31.52018 | 73.25823 | 8.00 | 2.10 | 1312 | 0.45 | 38.0 | 11.0 | 04.0 | 432 | 98.0 | 54.0 | 69.0 | 696 | 210 | 265 |
14 | 31.51579 | 73.23220 | 7.60 | 0.90 | 1002 | 0.23 | 30.0 | 11.0 | 03.0 | 148 | 77.0 | 42.0 | 112 | 598 | 182 | 178 |
15 | 31.48930 | 73.25206 | 8.20 | 1.10 | 1912 | 0.76 | 51.0 | 09.0 | 07.0 | 389 | 69.0 | 54.0 | 45.0 | 689 | 170 | 306 |
16 | 31.54017 | 73.27171 | 7.20 | 1.10 | 1098 | 0.30 | 22.0 | 10.0 | 02.0 | 202 | 89.0 | 48.0 | 98.0 | 602 | 142 | 120 |
17 | 31.52505 | 73.28654 | 7.90 | 1.90 | 1208 | 0.36 | 31.0 | 10.0 | 08.0 | 321 | 78.0 | 56.0 | 72.0 | 780 | 200 | 268 |
18 | 31.50687 | 73.26046 | 8.10 | 2.80 | 1701 | 0.71 | 39.0 | 09.0 | 10.0 | 402 | 112 | 66.0 | 40.0 | 960 | 311 | 298 |
19 | 31.49465 | 73.26387 | 8.10 | 2.90 | 1650 | 0.59 | 47.0 | 09.0 | 10.0 | 601 | 98.0 | 59.0 | 37.0 | 921 | 308 | 320 |
20 | 31.49805 | 73.29063 | 8.00 | 3.10 | 1921 | 0.82 | 38.0 | 07.0 | 08.0 | 512 | 124 | 87.0 | 47.0 | 898 | 248 | 289 |
21 | 31.50936 | 73.27647 | 7.90 | 2.10 | 1499 | 0.43 | 55.0 | 08.0 | 11.0 | 455 | 106 | 73.0 | 47.0 | 912 | 198 | 354 |
22 | 31.52488 | 73.31560 | 7.70 | 1.00 | 1258 | 0.21 | 21.0 | 12.0 | 02.0 | 174 | 78.0 | 56.0 | 110 | 721 | 210 | 164 |
23 | 31.50230 | 73.33255 | 7.70 | 0.60 | 987 | 0.32 | 26.0 | 12.0 | 03.0 | 190 | 71.0 | 60.0 | 118 | 597 | 186 | 178 |
24 | 31.46548 | 73.23006 | 7.90 | 0.45 | 1308 | 0.17 | 24.0 | 13.0 | 03.0 | 121 | 69.0 | 57.0 | 98.0 | 606 | 198 | 156 |
25 | 31.51048 | 73.30060 | 7.10 | 0.90 | 1521 | 0.38 | 34.0 | 11.0 | 05.0 | 240 | 94.0 | 59.0 | 78.0 | 712 | 210 | 198 |
NEQS | ---- | ---- | 6.50–8.00 | 5.00 | 1000 | ---- | 50.0 | n/a | 0.00 | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | 250 |
WHO | ---- | ---- | 6.50–8.00 | 5.00 | 500 | ---- | 50.0 | ---- | 0.00 | 20.0 | ---- | ---- | ---- | n/a | ---- | 250 |
Samples | Latitude | Longitude | Cl | F | TH | EC | Fe | Cr | As | Zn | TP | SAR | RSC | %Age Ion Bal. | % Na | WQI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Units | N | E | mg/L | mg/L | mg/L | uS/cm | mg/L | mg/L | ppb | mg/L | mg/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | |
1 | 31.49649 | 73.27959 | 616 | 1.60 | 378 | 2976 | 5.02 | 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 68.3 | 65.3 |
2 | 31.48949 | 73.27823 | 732 | 1.50 | 438 | 2497 | 3.12 | 0.92 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 15.5 | 10.7 | 11.9 | 73.9 | 63.6 |
3 | 31.49141 | 73.28613 | 598 | 1.60 | 392 | 2650 | 4.83 | 0.65 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 11.1 | 9.09 | 15.2 | 66.0 | 63.4 |
4 | 31.45318 | 73.27089 | 205 | 0.40 | 150 | 1995 | 0.88 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 6.6 | 6.42 | 10.5 | 50.9 | 74.6 |
5 | 31.47354 | 73.26450 | 387 | 0.70 | 189 | 2258 | 2.10 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 9.5 | 9.44 | 15.1 | 60.6 | 72.4 |
6 | 31.48272 | 73.28478 | 590 | 0.80 | 320 | 3410 | 3.42 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 12.0 | 8.06 | 10.0 | 65.7 | 67.0 |
7 | 31.48278 | 73.29746 | 598 | 0.90 | 388 | 2937 | 2.66 | 0.87 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 10.6 | 6.64 | 10.6 | 61.6 | 65.6 |
8 | 31.46933 | 73.29414 | 432 | 1.10 | 300 | 2265 | 1.22 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 10.1 | 9.10 | 11.3 | 61.5 | 70.6 |
9 | 31.48650 | 73.31352 | 394 | 0.50 | 289 | 2600 | 1.21 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 8.4 | 9.58 | 19.4 | 59.1 | 72.3 |
10 | 31.46622 | 73.31588 | 259 | 0.30 | 187 | 1985 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 5.6 | 6.93 | 16.4 | 45.7 | 74.7 |
11 | 31.49982 | 73.24126 | 294 | 0.80 | 298 | 2261 | 2.50 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 8.9 | 8.96 | 12.3 | 60.2 | 70.6 |
12 | 31.48762 | 73.29250 | 489 | 1.30 | 304 | 2724 | 3.22 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 15.8 | 7.63 | 3.70 | 72.5 | 64.8 |
13 | 31.52018 | 73.25823 | 394 | 0.60 | 298 | 2116 | 2.26 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 12.3 | 9.01 | 7.81 | 66.2 | 71.2 |
14 | 31.51579 | 73.23220 | 198 | 0.30 | 220 | 1616 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 4.7 | 8.52 | 20.3 | 39.1 | 74.9 |
15 | 31.48930 | 73.25206 | 636 | 1.40 | 400 | 3084 | 2.98 | 0.43 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 12.0 | 9.01 | 22.6 | 69.8 | 66.9 |
16 | 31.54017 | 73.27171 | 210 | 0.50 | 165 | 1771 | 1.40 | 0.76 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 6.04 | 6.15 | 7.65 | 46.2 | 76.1 |
17 | 31.52505 | 73.28654 | 278 | 0.60 | 278 | 1948 | 2.42 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 9.54 | 10.9 | 14.8 | 60.9 | 72.1 |
18 | 31.50687 | 73.26046 | 598 | 0.80 | 320 | 2744 | 3.23 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.23 | 10.5 | 15.0 | 24.8 | 64.8 | 68.2 |
19 | 31.49465 | 73.26387 | 666 | 1.30 | 288 | 2661 | 1.80 | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 16.7 | 15.5 | 15.8 | 75.6 | 67.7 |
20 | 31.49805 | 73.29063 | 712 | 1.20 | 392 | 3098 | 2.42 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.27 | 12.1 | 9.54 | 14.1 | 66.5 | 63.6 |
21 | 31.50936 | 73.27647 | 486 | 1.60 | 332 | 2418 | 2.06 | 0.94 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 13.7 | 66.8 | 67.8 |
22 | 31.52488 | 73.31560 | 240 | 0.50 | 250 | 2029 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 5.2 | 10.2 | 20.9 | 41.6 | 75.3 |
23 | 31.50230 | 73.33255 | 190 | 0.30 | 200 | 1592 | 1.02 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 5.65 | 7.44 | 11.6 | 43.3 | 73.6 |
24 | 31.46548 | 73.23006 | 210 | 0.30 | 242 | 2110 | 0.98 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 3.67 | 8.33 | 23.3 | 35.1 | 73.6 |
25 | 31.51048 | 73.30060 | 254 | 0.60 | 288 | 2453 | 1.50 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 6.73 | 9.06 | 15.2 | 50.9 | 72.4 |
NEQS | ---- | ---- | 250 | 1.50 | <300 | ---- | ---- | 0.10 | 0.05 | 5.00 | ---- | Table 1 | Table 1 | <10.0 | Table 7 | NSFWQI |
WHO | ---- | ---- | 250 | 1.50 | <300 | ---- | 0.30 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 3.00 | ---- |
Na | Ca | Mg | K | |
---|---|---|---|---|
HCO3 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.87 |
CO3 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.86 |
Cl | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.73 |
SO4 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.81 |
Triangle | Diamond | ||
---|---|---|---|
Water Class | Remarks | Water Class | Remarks |
A | Calcium type | 5 | Mg(HCO3)2 type |
B | No Dominant type | 6 | CaCl2 type |
C | Magnesium type | 7 | NaCl type |
D | Na + K type | 8 | NaHCO3 type |
E | Bicarbonate type | 9 | Mixed Type |
F | Sulphate type | 1 = 5 + 9 + 6 | Alkaline earths exceed alkalies |
G | Chloride type | 2 = 7 + 9 + 8 | Alkalies exceed alkaline earths |
3 = 5 + 9 + 8 | Weak acids exceed strong acids | ||
4 = 7 + 9 + 6 | Strong acids exceed weak acids |
Samples | Latitude | Longitude | Cations | Anions | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | Ca | Mg | K | HCO3 | CO3 | SO4 | Cl | F | |||
N | E | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | meq/L | |
1 | 31.4965 | 73.2796 | 23.70 | 5.55 | 8.17 | 1.13 | 16.10 | 8.10 | 7.29 | 17.35 | 0.084 |
2 | 31.4895 | 73.2782 | 26.65 | 5.35 | 6.50 | 0.82 | 14.26 | 8.33 | 6.73 | 20.62 | 0.079 |
3 | 31.4914 | 73.2861 | 19.96 | 5.50 | 7.33 | 0.97 | 14.62 | 7.30 | 7.08 | 16.85 | 0.084 |
4 | 31.4532 | 73.2709 | 9.52 | 4.35 | 3.92 | 1.97 | 10.69 | 4.00 | 3.94 | 5.77 | 0.042 |
5 | 31.4735 | 73.2645 | 14.43 | 4.90 | 4.42 | 1.67 | 12.46 | 6.30 | 4.81 | 10.90 | 0.063 |
6 | 31.4827 | 73.2848 | 21.65 | 6.95 | 6.00 | 1.26 | 13.67 | 7.33 | 6.21 | 16.62 | 0.042 |
7 | 31.4828 | 73.2975 | 20.48 | 7.70 | 7.17 | 1.38 | 14.70 | 6.80 | 7.08 | 16.85 | 0.047 |
8 | 31.4693 | 73.2941 | 16.83 | 5.10 | 6.00 | 1.74 | 11.87 | 8.33 | 4.83 | 12.17 | 0.058 |
9 | 31.4865 | 73.3135 | 13.00 | 4.90 | 4.58 | 1.38 | 12.46 | 6.60 | 5.17 | 11.10 | 0.026 |
10 | 31.4662 | 73.3159 | 7.83 | 3.92 | 3.83 | 2.28 | 11.28 | 3.40 | 2.92 | 7.30 | 0.016 |
11 | 31.4998 | 73.2413 | 13.17 | 3.80 | 4.92 | 1.67 | 11.44 | 6.23 | 4.19 | 8.28 | 0.042 |
12 | 31.4876 | 73.2925 | 29.61 | 6.60 | 7.33 | 0.97 | 13.93 | 7.63 | 6.00 | 13.77 | 0.068 |
13 | 31.5202 | 73.2582 | 18.78 | 4.90 | 4.50 | 1.77 | 11.41 | 7.00 | 5.52 | 11.10 | 0.032 |
14 | 31.5158 | 73.2322 | 6.43 | 3.85 | 3.50 | 2.87 | 9.80 | 6.07 | 3.71 | 5.58 | 0.037 |
15 | 31.4893 | 73.2521 | 16.91 | 3.45 | 4.50 | 1.15 | 11.30 | 5.67 | 6.38 | 17.92 | 0.074 |
16 | 31.5402 | 73.2717 | 8.78 | 4.45 | 4.00 | 2.51 | 9.87 | 4.73 | 2.50 | 5.92 | 0.032 |
17 | 31.5251 | 73.2865 | 13.96 | 3.90 | 4.67 | 1.85 | 12.79 | 6.67 | 5.58 | 7.83 | 0.058 |
18 | 31.5069 | 73.2605 | 17.48 | 5.60 | 5.50 | 1.03 | 15.74 | 10.37 | 6.21 | 16.85 | 0.089 |
19 | 31.4946 | 73.2639 | 26.13 | 4.90 | 4.92 | 0.95 | 15.10 | 10.27 | 6.67 | 18.76 | 0.079 |
20 | 31.4981 | 73.2906 | 22.26 | 6.20 | 7.25 | 1.21 | 14.72 | 8.27 | 6.02 | 20.06 | 0.079 |
21 | 31.5094 | 73.2765 | 19.78 | 5.30 | 6.08 | 1.21 | 14.95 | 6.60 | 7.38 | 13.69 | 0.084 |
22 | 31.5249 | 73.3156 | 7.57 | 3.90 | 4.67 | 2.82 | 11.82 | 7.00 | 3.42 | 6.76 | 0.026 |
23 | 31.5023 | 73.3326 | 8.26 | 3.55 | 5.00 | 3.03 | 9.79 | 6.20 | 3.71 | 5.35 | 0.016 |
24 | 31.4655 | 73.2301 | 5.26 | 3.45 | 4.75 | 2.51 | 9.93 | 6.60 | 3.25 | 5.92 | 0.016 |
25 | 31.5105 | 73.3006 | 10.43 | 4.70 | 4.92 | 2.00 | 11.67 | 7.00 | 4.13 | 7.15 | 0.032 |
EC | Na % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Water Class | No. of Samples | Range | Water Class | No. of Samples |
<250 | Low saline | -- | <20 | Excellent | -- |
250–750 | Medium saline | -- | 20–40 | Good | 2 |
750–2250 | High saline | 15 | 40–60 | Permissible | 7 |
2250–5000 | Very high saline | 10 | 60–80 | Doubtful | 17 |
80> | Unsuitable | -- |
Na | EC | RSC | |
---|---|---|---|
EC | 0.99 | ||
RSC | 0.97 | 0.96 | |
SAR | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.95 |
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Aleem, M.; Shun, C.J.; Li, C.; Aslam, A.M.; Yang, W.; Nawaz, M.I.; Ahmed, W.S.; Buttar, N.A. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan. Water 2018, 10, 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101321
Aleem M, Shun CJ, Li C, Aslam AM, Yang W, Nawaz MI, Ahmed WS, Buttar NA. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan. Water. 2018; 10(10):1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101321
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleem, Muhammad, Cao Jia Shun, Chao Li, Arslan Muhammad Aslam, Wu Yang, Muhammad Imran Nawaz, Wasif Saeed Ahmed, and Noman Ali Buttar. 2018. "Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan" Water 10, no. 10: 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101321