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Atmosphere
Volume 16
Issue 5
10.3390/atmos16050522
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Automatic Detection of Whistler Waves in the Top-Side Ionosphere: The WhISPER Technique

by
Dario Recchiuti
1,2,*,
Roberto Battiston
1,3,
Giulia D’Angelo
2,4,
Emanuele Papini
2,
Coralie Neubüser
1,3,
William Jerome Burger
1,3 and
Mirko Piersanti
2,4,5
1
Department of Physics, University of Trento, 38123 Trento , Italy
2
National Institute of Astrophysics—IAPS, 00133 Rome, Italy
3
TIFPA—Trento Insitute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, 38123 Trento, Italy
4
Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
5
INFN—Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050522 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 March 2025 / Revised: 21 April 2025 / Accepted: 27 April 2025 / Published: 29 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Ionosphere Observation and Investigation (2nd Edition))
Versions Notes

Abstract

We introduce the Whistler Identification by Spectral Power Estimation and Recognition (WhISPER) algorithm, a novel automated technique for detecting whistler waves in the top side of the Earth’s ionosphere. WhISPER is the first step towards a comprehensive system designed to accumulate and analyze a large dataset of whistler observations, which has been developed to advance our understanding of whistler generation and propagation. Unlike conventional image-correlation-based techniques, WhISPER identifies whistlers based on their energy content, enhancing computational efficiency. This work presents the results of applying WhISPER to four years (2019–2022) of top-side ionospheric magnetic field data. A statistical analysis of over 800,000 detected whistlers reveals a strong correlation with lightning activity and (as expected) higher occurrence rates during local summer months. The presented results demonstrate the excellent performance of the WhISPER technique in identifying whistler events.
Keywords: whistlers; top-side ionosphere; automatic detection; spectral analysis; lightning activity whistlers; top-side ionosphere; automatic detection; spectral analysis; lightning activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Recchiuti, D.; Battiston, R.; D’Angelo, G.; Papini, E.; Neubüser, C.; Burger, W.J.; Piersanti, M. Automatic Detection of Whistler Waves in the Top-Side Ionosphere: The WhISPER Technique. Atmosphere 2025, 16, 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050522

AMA Style

Recchiuti D, Battiston R, D’Angelo G, Papini E, Neubüser C, Burger WJ, Piersanti M. Automatic Detection of Whistler Waves in the Top-Side Ionosphere: The WhISPER Technique. Atmosphere. 2025; 16(5):522. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050522

Chicago/Turabian Style

Recchiuti, Dario, Roberto Battiston, Giulia D’Angelo, Emanuele Papini, Coralie Neubüser, William Jerome Burger, and Mirko Piersanti. 2025. "Automatic Detection of Whistler Waves in the Top-Side Ionosphere: The WhISPER Technique" Atmosphere 16, no. 5: 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050522

APA Style

Recchiuti, D., Battiston, R., D’Angelo, G., Papini, E., Neubüser, C., Burger, W. J., & Piersanti, M. (2025). Automatic Detection of Whistler Waves in the Top-Side Ionosphere: The WhISPER Technique. Atmosphere, 16(5), 522. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050522

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